PRESENTATION

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ASSISTANT
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 THE PROCESS OF GASEOUS
EXCHANGE ACROSS THE SURFACE
OF THE ALVEOLUS AND BLOOD
CAPILLARIES AND BETWEEN THE
TISSUE CAPILLARIES AND BODY
CELLS
• Gaseous exchange across the alveolus
occurs by diffusion.
• The greater the concentration gradient
of respiratory gases across the respiratory
surface , the greater the rate of diffusion.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SURFACE IN THE
ALVEOLI
• A large surface area for gaseous
exchange
• A thin one-cell thick epithelial surface
which is moist and permeable to gas
• An underlying capillary network ,
which is also one-cell thick , that carries
oxygen away and brings carbon dioxide
to be eliminated
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF GAS
• The partial pressure of a gas is :
(a) The pressure exerted by that particular gas
(b) A measure of its concentration
(c) Is higher if its concentration is greater

2.Atmosphere is a mixture of different gases of

different concentration
3.A gas diffuses from a place of high partial
pressure to a place of low partial pressure
IN THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES…
…
1.Blood which enters the blood capillaries
surrounding the alveoli has a higher
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
2.Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood
capillaries into the alveoli and is then
expelled through the nose or mouth into
the atmosphere
IN THE LUNGS……

• The partial pressure of oxygen

(concentration of oxygen) in the air of
the alveoli is higher compared to the
partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
capillaries
• Oxygen dissolves in the film of water
on the surface of the alveoli and then
diffuses across the blood capillaries
into the blood
 Blood leaving the
blood capillaries Carbon dioxide
(higher partial diffuses outRed
of the
blood
pressure of oxygen, blood plasma intocell
lower partial the alveoli
pressure of carbon Blood
dioxide) capillaries

Oxyge
n
Carbon
dioxide Blood entering the
Exhaled air blood capillary
(higher partial
Inhaled
pressure of carbon
air
dioxide, lower partial
Oxygen diffuses into pressure of oxygen)
the blood capillary
and combines with
haemoglobin in red
blood cells to form Capillaries wall
oxyhaemoglobin
 PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN
AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE
ALVEOLI AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES
PARTIAL PRESSURE
GAS AIR IN THE BLOOD EFFECTS
ALVEOLI CAPILLARIES

Oxygen diffuses
from the alveoli
Oxygen High Low into the blood
capillaries

Carbon dioxide
Carbon diffuses from the
Low High blood capillaries
dioxide
into the alveoli
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN
AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE
TISSUE CAPILLARIES AND BODY
CELLS
PARTIAL PRESSURE
GAS TISSUE EFFECTS
BODY CELLS
CAPILLARIES

Oxygen diffuses
from the tissue
Oxygen High Low capillaries into
the body cells
Carbon dioxide
diffuses from
Carbon
Low High the blood
dioxide capillaries into
the alveoli
 THE TRANSPORT OF
RESPIRATORY GASES IN
HUMANS
1.Transport of Oxygen
2.Transport of Carbon dioxide
 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
• Oxygen in the blood that leaves the alveoli is
transported to the body cells for cellular
respiration
• The transport of oxygen is carried out by the
blood circulatory system lungs
Haemoglobin + oxygen  oxyhaemoglobin
• Oxygen combines with the respiratory pigment
body cells
called haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form
an unstable product called oxyhaemoglobin
• When blood passes through tissues with low
partial pressure of oxygen , the oxyhaemoglobin
dissociates itself to release oxygen molecules
 TRANSPORT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE
• About 7% of the carbon dioxide is transported
as dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood
plasma
• Another 23% of the carbon dioxide binds to
the haemoglobin and is transported in the
form of a substance known as
carbaminohaemoglobin
• The remaining 70% is transported in the
blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
 THE TRANSPORT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE FROM THE BODY CELLS TO
THE TISSUE CAPILLARIES
• Body cells release carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood
plasma and then combines with the red
blood cells
• Carbon dioxide reacts with water to
form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Red blood cells contain the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase to catalyses this
reaction
• The carbonic acid then dissociates into
a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate
ion (HCO3-)
• Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into
the blood plasma and are carried in the
blood plasma to the lungs
THE TRANSPORT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE FROM THE BLOOD
CAPILLARIES TO THE
• The ALVEOLI
process which takes place
in the lungs is the reverse of
what happens in the tissue
capillaries
• The bicarbonate ions diffuse
from the blood plasma into the
red blood cells and form
carbonic acid again
• Carbonic acid breaks down to
carbon dioxide and water
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from
the blood capillaries into the
alveoli. Thereafter , it is
expelled during exhalation
THE EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY
GASES BETWEEN THE BLOOD AND
BODY CELLS
1. The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is higher
than the partial pressure of oxygen in the cellls
2. Cellular respiration depletes the oxygen content in
the cell
3. The oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and release
oxygen then diffuses through the capillary walls into
cells
4. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide
5. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cell
higher than the pressure in the tissue capillaries
 THE COMPOSITION OF INHALED AND
CONTENT
EXHALED
INHALED AIR
AIR
EXHALED AIR REASON

Used in cellular
Oxygen 21.9% 16.4%
respiration
Produced in
Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4.1%
cellular respiration
Neither used nor
Nitrogen 79.0% 79.0% produced in cellular
respiration
Product of cellular
Varies and is respiration.
Water vapour never Saturated Evaporation from
saturated the lungs during
expiration
Room Air warmed by
temperature body temperature
Temperature Body temperature
(atmospheric
temperature)
 CREDITS
SPECIAL TO Background Music

THANK
TAN CHEE LEI
THE SWAN LAKE by P.I. TCHAIKOVSKY

Leader

THE END
CHANG JIT KANG
LOW XIN YI

THANK YOU Presentation Designer/Editor

CHEONG SHI HUI

Assistants
TAN LI MIN TAN SHEA LEE
TAN LI PENG THOO ZHIJIN
NG THEN JACK PUNEETHA RAJ
KUGENESWAREN VASANTHAN