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1. Half Wave
V0
Functions of transformer
For Voltage Step up or Step down Provides isolation from power line
PIV : Peak Inverse Voltage (Maximum Voltage diode must withstand during negative half cycle). PIV = Vm
Features Low cost, simple, low efficiency.
D1
Vin
V0
D2
Full wave rectifier uses both half cycles of input, while half wave rectifier uses only one half cycle. PIV = 2 Vm
Why bridge rectifier preferred over center tap rectifier ? Center tap transformer not required PIV rating only Vm as compared to 2Vm in center tap
Disadvantages Four diodes required Problem occurs where low dc voltage is required
Fixed Adjustable
Details 78 XX
7805 7806 7808 7812 7815 7818 7824
35 V
40 V
Ci required if regulator is located far off from power supply filter. Co to improve transient response of filter (optional)
Dropout Voltage
Difference between Input & Output Voltage Input should be at least 2V above output voltage
Output voltage
-2.0 -5.0 -5.2 -6.0 -8.0 -12.0 -15.0 -18.0 -24.0
- 35 V
- 40 V
Where I1 = VREF/R1
Or V0 = R1 . VREF/R1 + (VREF/R1 + Iadj) R2 V0 = VREF (1 + R2/R1) + Iadj R2 VREF = 1.25 V, Iadj = 100 A (max) so we can neglect it Therefore V0 = 1.25 (1 + R2/R1)
P0 = V . I
Therefore Psat. Pact. Pcutoff = V.I = V.I = V.I = 0 . Imax = 0 = V.I = finite = Vmax . 0 = 0
From above it follows that when transistor used as switch power losses are zero (ideally). Therefore the efficiency is maximum. SMPS LPS 70-90% 30-50%
(2)
(3)
1/50
From above table it follows that size of SMPS transformer is very small as compared to that of LPS. Therefore, size of SMPS is small.