DEEP WELL PUMPS

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Mrs. R. Manjula, Professor/ Civil Engineering, NIT Trichy

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Deep well pump

A pump capable of pumping water from wells where the water is more than 7m below the ground level They are motor driven pumps Maximum pumping depth is 300m

Types: 1. Submerged piston pump 2. Submersible pump 3. Line shaft turbine 4. Jet action pump 5. Piston pumps
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Sectional view of a well with an iron cylinder pump, placed for deep-well pumping.

Deep-Well Pumps
The piston and valves are enclosed in the cylinder C, placed below the surface of the water in the well.

The operation of this pump is identical to that of the lift pump, but the addition of an air chamber gives it the necessary facility to produce a continuous flow of water.

In order to prevent the air in the air chamber from escaping, the pump rod is surrounded with the necessary stuffing-box which is usually packed with candle wicking to assure a good joint.

In deep wells the tube is elongated sufficiently to place the cylinder C below the surface of the water in the well. Such pumps are operated either by hand or by power.

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The principle of operation as in the lift pump takes advantage of the atmospheric pressure to lift the water above the first valve.

The limiting distance to which water can be lifted by the atmospheric pressure will depend on the altitude and the atmospheric pressure.

The pump is usually placed within 10 or 12 feet of the water and 20 feet is about the limit of distance. The reason for this is because of the impossibility of keeping the joints tight in the valve and tubing.

Where water is to be raised from a deep well, the cylinder with its piston is placed near the water and the tube and rod, connects the cylinder with the pump stock.

After the water has passed the valve in the piston, it may be readily lifted to the pump stock. In this way water is raised from wells of great depth.

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Tubular-Well Cylinders
Tubular wells that are cased with iron pipe are provided with a special type of pump cylinder that admits of deepwell operation.

The casing of the well being in place, the cylinder shown in Fig. is forced down the casing to its proper place, the spring S holding it in place until it is firmly secured.

A special seating tool is now lowered into the casing and attaches at T to the coupling; as the tool is turned, rubber packing R is expanded, locking the cylinder firmly to the casing.

This makes a complete pump cylinder, which with the piston P in place is operated as any other pump. .

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Types of deep well

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Submerged Piston pump

It consists of a cylinder containing a piston called positive displacement

pump bcoz it displaces amt of water equal to the distance the piston moves. Cylinder may be located above or in the water. When cylinder is located above water, suction is reqd to lift water to the piston. They require priming. Amt of water lifted depends on suction lift if cylinder is above water, diameter of the piston, length of piston travels, no. of times the piston moves in a given time. When the cylinder is in water, a sucker (steel) rod is reqd. this connects the drive mechanism to cylinder. Due to the steel wt, max pumping depth for hand pump is 60-80m and 300m for motor driven pump.

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Submerged Piston pump

It consists of a cylinder containing a piston called positive displacement

pump bcoz it displaces amt of water equal to the distance the piston moves. Cylinder may be located above or in the water. When cylinder is located above water, suction is reqd to lift water to the piston. They require priming. Amt of water lifted depends on suction lift if cylinder is above water, diameter of the piston, length of piston travels, no. of times the piston moves in a given time. When the cylinder is in water, a sucker (steel) rod is reqd. this connects the drive mechanism to cylinder. Due to the steel wt, max pumping depth for hand pump is 60-80m and 300m for motor driven pump.

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Line shaft turbine

It has the motor at the surface. Drive shaft connects motor to the pump

Click to edit the outline Deeper the well, the more shaft guide reqd along the drive shaft and greater text format

possibility of guide failure

Second Outline The pumping depth in small diameter wells (12-24mm) are limited to 12-35m Level

and for large dia wells (>30mm) has great depth

Third Outline Level These pump can pump against high head and high volume.

Fourth Outline Level Fifth Outline Level Sixth

Property Capacity l/min Lift from water to pump -m

Lift from pump to higher levels -m Dia of well reqd -cm efficiency Relative cost Operation and maintenance Advantages

Submersible pump 40-240 & high 30-400 & high 12 65-85% Reasonable but high at greater depths Simple, needs attention

Line shaft turbine 120-360 & high medium

5-500 12 65-80% higher More difficult, needs const skilled attention

Pump and motor in well Can be operated by less subject to vandalism alternate power sources, high volume Difficult to pull, needs special electrical cable for wells Difficult to repair if bearings fail

Disadvantages

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Submersible pumps

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Submersible Pumps
A submersible pump is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor

close-coupled to the pump body.

The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump

cavitations, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface.
Submersible pumps push water to the surface as opposed to jet and

centrifugal pumps having to pull water. Submersibles are more efficient.

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They are usable in less plumb wells and can be kept at great depths Since the electric motor is below the pump, the whole unit is pulled for repairs. The installation is not complicated. Operation and maintenance is reduced.

Greater the depth, larger the motor and electric cable to motor. Hence expensive. For the above reason, the upper limit for depth is kept as 150m. At this depth, special pump pulling equipment is required.

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Submersible well pumps, as their name imply, are used underwater in wells. A small electric motor (called a driver) is installed in the well shaft, usually below the pump itself, and an electric cable is attached to the motor. Piping is then fitted from the pump, through the length of the shaft and into the home. Unlike their shallow-end counterparts, submersible well pumps may be set hundreds of feet beneath the water in a well. When the pump is activated, the motor, which consists of a number of impellers and diffusers which spin on a common shaft (called stages), pushes water up out of the well.

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11- submersible pump 12-charge pump 13- centrifugal pump 14-seal section 16-electric motor 18- well fluid 19- gas separator 20- casing 24-impeller 26,42-vanes 28,51-exit angle 30,58-balance hole 32-concave side
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34- convex side 40-impeller 42- split vane 44,46-inner&outer radial member 48,50-concave side of inner radial member &convex side of outer one 52-flow passage 61-housing 62-shaft 64-diffuser 68- bore 65- diffuser passage

How Do Submersible Well Pumps Work?

Most conventional well pumps work on a centrifugal basis-- that is to say that they work by using their impellers' rotation to push water outward, and then upward through the well shaft . As we have already seen, the motors in submersible well pumps are usually located below the pump itself. These motors, which are long and quite small in diameter, drive the pumps through relatively short shafts with seal sections which protect the motors from water damage. Because the diameter of wells is restrictive, the impellers have to be stacked on top of each other to exert enough pressure to force the water up through the pipe. This is why submersible well pumps are very long. A standard 4" submersible pump measures between 24" to 48" in length, 3.9" in

diameter, and spins at 3600 rpm. The 3" submersible pump measures 2.9" in diameter and spins at about 8000 rpm. The number of impellers and diffusers a pump has determines the head (or pressure) the pump exerts.

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Applications
Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used for
drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping slurry pumping.

They are also popular with aquarium filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole

and used for water abstraction or in water wells.

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Esp in Oil wells

Submersible pumps are also used in oil wells. By decreasing the pressure at

the bottom of the well, significantly more oil can be produced from the well compared to natural production .
This makes Electric Submersible Pumping (ESP) a form of "artificial lift"

along with Gas Lift, Beam Pumping, Plunger Lift and Progressive cavity pump. New varieties of ESP can include a water/oil separator which permits the water to be reinjected into the reservoir without the need to lift it to the surface.
Major brands are Flygt, Grundfos, KSB, ABS, Goulds. Until recently, ESPs

had been highly costly to install due to the requirement of an electric cable downhole. This cable had to be wrapped around jointed tubing and connected at each joint. New coiled tubing umbilicals allow for both the piping and electric cable to deployed with a single conventional coiled tubing unit.
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Working
The ESP system consists of a number of components that turn a staged series of centrifugal pumps to increase the pressure of the well fluid and push it to the surface. The energy to turn the pump comes from a high-voltage (3 to 5 kV) alternating-current source to drive a special motor that can work at high temperatures of up to 300 F (149 C) and high pressures of up to 5,000 psi (34 MPa), from deep wells of up to 12,000 feet (3.7 km) deep with high energy requirements of up to about 1000 horsepower (750 kW). ESPs have dramatically lower efficiencies with significant fractions of gas, greater than about 10% volume at the pump intake. Given their high rotational speed of up to 4000 rpm (67 Hz) and tight clearances, they are not very tolerant of solids such as sand.

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Special attention to the type of ESP is required when using certain types of liquids. ESP's commonly used on board naval vessels cannot be used to dewater contaminated flooded spaces. These use a 440 volt A/C motor that operates a small centrifugal pump. It can also be used out of the water, taking suction with a 2-1/2 inch non-collapsible hose. The pumped liquid is circulated around the motor for cooling purposes.

There is a possibility that the gasoline will leak into the pump causing a fire or destroying the pump, so hot water and flammable liquids should be avoided.

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Jet Pumps

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Jet Pumps
Deep well jet pumps consist of two main parts: a pump and a motor section.

These pieces are lowered into your well until they are submerged under water. The pump is generally located above the motor by sections of pipe. Because the pump is located beneath the surface of the water, it is always in a primed state and ready for use.
Advantages to deep well jet pumps
First, because the working sections of the pump are lowered into the well

and settled below the surface of the water, noise is practically nonexistent in comparison to their above ground counterparts. Second, because this particular type of pump is manufactured especially for deep wells all its working parts are located below the ground surface freezing level, thereby ensuring that the flow of water from the well to its destination will not be compromised by freezing temperatures. Not easily clogged like submersible pumps

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Applications
Jet pumps are often used in applications where the material that is pumped

assists in the creating the motive force needed to move through the pump. For example, in marine applications, jet pumps are used to transfer seawater.
Rural and Urban Drinking Water Installations. Water Supplies for High Rise Buildings.

Lawn & Garden Watering, Water Circulating Systems.

Agricultural - Lift, Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation. Industrial Service Water Supply Schemes. As mixers or circulators since the intake combines fluids. as ejector pumps, are used to move wastewater up to the sewer line.
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JET PUMPS

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JET PUMPS
A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump. Unlike

other pumps, a jet pump has no moving parts. A simple jet pump, illustrated in figure, consists of a jet supply line, a jet or nozzle, a suction line, a suction chamber, a diffuser, and a discharge line. In a jet pump, pumping action is created as a fluid (water, steam, or air) passes at a high pressure and velocity through a nozzle and into a chamber that has an inlet and outlet opening.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE
The rapidly moving jet fluid pushes on and gives

sufficient motion to the air (or whatever substance may be in the suction chamber) to carry it out through the discharge line. Displacement of the air from the suction chamber creates a partial vacuum within the suction chamber, causing fluid to flow through the suction line. The fluid entering the chamber from the suction line is picked up by the high-velocity fluid, thus providing continuous pumping action..
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Jet Pumps
A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump that is used to draw water from wells into residences. It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and deep wells (up to about 200 feet.)

The pump is fitted into a secondary casing which contains water at. discharge pressure
,A proportion of the water from this chamber is fed back to a nozzle fitted into the suction end of the pump casing and directed into the eye of the impeller. Once the pump has been used once (having been manually primed initially) it remains full of water so that on start up the pump circulates water from the discharge through the jet and back into the suction side. As before, air is sucked through and bubbles out of the discharge, while (until the pump primes) the water falls back and recirculates. The jet causes low pressure in the suction line and entrains air which goes through the impeller and is discharged, hence water is gradually drawn up the suction line.

As soon as all the air is expelled from the system, most of the discharge goes up the discharge line, but a proportion is fed back to the nozzle and increases the suction considerably compared with the effect of a centrifugal impeller on its own.

Therefore, this kind of pump not only pulls a higher suction lift than normal, but the pump can reliably run on "snore" (i.e. sucking a mixture of air and water without losing its prime).

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 Jet pumps are capable of handling all forms of motive fluid including gas, steam, or liquid.

They are typically inserted vertically into the process media, but can be mounted horizontally as well.

Multiple inlets are used to draw in a constant stream of fluid, using pressure to create lift through suction. The combination of intake pressure and velocity of the liquid or gas jets the media up from a well, tank, or pit through the pump to the discharge point.

Jet pumps function based upon the Bernoulli theorem; pressure and velocity measured at points in the nozzle, diffuser, or suction chamber along with the specific gravity of the fluids transferred can yield the operating head and/or discharge velocity.

The net positive suction head (NPSH) is the relationship using the distance from the intended centerline of the jet pump and the depth of the storage area, the specific gravity of the fluid, and the pressure at the specified temperature.

There are four main types of jet pumps; deep well, shallow well, multi-stage, and mini. Deep well jet pumps are used in high volume applications, such as oil wells, which range from 800-15,000 feet in depth. Shallow well pumps are used in applications where the media is close to the surface, such as residential wells. Convertible jet pumps can be used for either deep or shallow well applications. Miniature jet pumps are used for smaller applications, such as aquariums.

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 . A float level sensor and switch are used to turn on the pump. Other accessories may
be used such as impellers, strainers or filters, a motor or drive
Jet pumps are less efficient than hydraulic pumps due to such factors as friction loss, but may be more efficient when working with combined media that includes gases and variable well conditions where the surface characteristics include turbulence.

Many jet pumps are self-priming and are constructed so that they can create and maintain a sufficient vacuum level to draw fluid into the inlets with no external assistance.
When choosing a jet pump, the type of fluid and conditions will affect the flow rate.

An annular nozzle may be used in media that has a higher solids content in mining applications or sand or mud removal. In bore hole applications where external pressures and internal pressures exceed the material specifications and the pressure specifications of jet pumps, the throat of the pump can collapse which will cause extreme reductions in flow

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ADVANTAGES
It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and

deep wells (up to about 200 feet.) Increasing the speed before the onset of cavitation, because of the raised internal dynamic pressure High power density with respect to volume of both the propulsor and the prime mover because a smaller, higher-speed unit can be used Protection of the rotating element, making operation safer around swimmers and aquatic life Improved shallow-water operations, because only the inlet needs to be submerged Increased maneuverability, by adding a steerable nozzle to create vectored thrust 11/10/10 reduction Noise

Disadvantages
Greater complexity and therefore cost
reduced efficiency since power is used in pumping water through the jet

(although some of this power is recovered by the pumping effect of the jet) Obviously it is better to use a conventional Centrifugal pump in a situation with little or no suction lift, but where Suction pumping is essential, then a self-priming pump of this kind can offer a successful solution.

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Special Pumps

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Gear pumps

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Gear Wheel Pump

It is a rotary pump in which two gears mesh to provide pumping action Its action on liquid is not dynamic. It merely displaces the liquid from one side to

other The flow of liquid is continuous and uniform. Uses:

For cooling water and pressure oil to be supplied for lubrication to motors, turbines, machine tools Gear pumps however are also widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid with a certain viscosity

PETROCHEMICALS: Pure or filled bitumen, pitch, diesel oil, crude oil, lube oil etc. CHEMICALS: Sodium silicate, acids, plastics, mixed chemicals, isocyanides etc.

PAINT & INK, RESINS & ADHESIVES.

PULP & PAPER: acid, soap, lye, black liquor, kaolin, lime, latex, sludge etc. FOOD: Chocolate, cacao butter, fillers, sugar, vegetable fats and oils, molasses,

animal food
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Gear pumps

Internal gear pump design for high viscosity fluids.

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External gear pump design for hydraulic power applications.

Internal gear pump design for automotive oil pumps.

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GEAR PUMP A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.

They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.

There are two main variations; External gear pumps which use two external spur gears,

Internal gear pumps which use an external and an internal spur gear.

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Theory of operation:
As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a void and suction which is filled by fluid.

The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the pump, where the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid.

The mechanical clearances are small on the order of a thousandth of an inch (micrometers).

The tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectively prevent the fluid from leaking backwards.

The rigid design of the gears and housing allow for very high pressures and the ability to pump highly viscous fluids. 11/10/10

External gear pump design for hydraulic power applications.

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Internal gear (Gerotor) pump design for high viscosity fluids.

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Internal gear (Gerotor) pump design for automotive oil pumps.

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Water flows from left to right in this Gerotor pump

Working
It consists of two identical intermeshing gears working in a fine clearance

inside a casing One of the gear is keyed to a driving shaft. Other gear revolves due to driving gear The space b/w teeth and casing is filled with oil The oil is carried round b/w gears from suction to delivery pipe. The mechanical contact b/w the gears does not allow the flow from inlet to outlet directly. The outer radial tips of gears and sides of gears form a part off moving oil The oil pushed into the delivery pipe cannot back into suction pipe due to meshing of the gears

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 Discharge/s =Volume of oil per revolution x No of revolution in one second

= 2aLn x N/60 m3

Where, N = Speed of rotating gear in r.p.m a = Area enclosed b/w two success teeth and casing n = Total no. of teeth in each gear L = Axial length of teeth Volumetric efficiency = Actual discharge/theoretical discharge

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Screw Pump
Can handle debris Used to rise the level of wastewater Abrasive material will damage the seal between screw and the

housing
Grain augers use the same principle

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Principle of screw pump

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Uses of screw pump: The pumps are used for high flows and relatively low pressure (max 100 bar).

They were used on board ships where the constant pressure hydraulic system was going through the whole ship, especially for the control of ball valves, but also for the steering gear and help drive systems.

The advantage of the screw pumps is the low sound level of these pumps.

The efficiency is not that high.

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Miscellaneous Machines
The various types hydraulic machines are:

Hydraulic press Hydraulic accumulator

Hydraulic ram

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Hydraulic Press
A hydraulic press is a hydraulic mechanism for applying a large lifting or compressive force.

It is the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and is also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England.

Hydraulic presses are the most commonly used and efficient form of modern press.

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How it works:
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout a closed system is constant.

At one end of the system is a piston with a small cross-sectional area driven by a Lever to increase the force.

Small-diameter tubing leads to the other end of the system.

Pascal's law: Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container wall.

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A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed inward. the small piston, for a given distance of movement, displaces a smaller amount of volume than the large piston, which is proportional to the ratio of areas of the heads of the pistons.

Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance to get the large piston to move significantly. The distance the large piston will move is the distance that the small piston is moved divided by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons.

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Hydraulic Press in a machine shop. This press is commonly used for hydroforming
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The various types of hydraulic presses are:

Pillar type C frame type

H frame type

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Hydraulic Press - 4 Pillars type design

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The guidance of this press offers excellent slide accuracy of the moving ram. Platen, resulting in reduced tool wear & an increased tool life.

Slide move on larger size phosphorous bronze / ultra bronze bearing mounted at each corner with suitable lubrication arrangement a proper sealing arrangement at both side of each bush is also provided.

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C' Frame Type Presses

These presses offers maximum access to tool area for tool changing & component feeding applications.

Range : 5 Tons to 300 Tons capacity.

Slides guidance can be either twin pillars type or face slides.

Hydraulic power pack is inbuilt & all valves are manifold mounted for easy & quick maintenance & a pressure relief valve protects against overloading of the press.

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'H' Type Press

Applications:

Deep Drawing Operations Blanking & Punching Riveting

Stamping & Pressing

Powder Compacting Rubber & Plastics etc.

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Hydraulic Accumulator

A hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device.

It is a pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external source.

That external source can be a spring, a raised weight, or a compressed gas.

The main reasons that an accumulator is used in a hydraulic system are so that the pump doesn't need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand, so that the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand and to smooth pulsations.

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Hydraulic engine house(Raised weight)

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A raised weight accumulator consists of a vertical cylinder containing fluid connected to the hydraulic line.

The cylinder is closed by a piston on which a series of weights are placed that exert a downward force on the piston and there by energizes the fluid in the cylinder.

In contrast to compressed gas and spring accumulators, this type delivers a nearly constant pressure, regardless of the volume of fluid in the cylinder, until it is empty. (The pressure will decline somewhat as the cylinder is emptied due to the decline in weight of the remaining fluid.)

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Various types of accumulators: Compressed gas Spring type

Metal bellows type

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Compressed gas
A compressed gas accumulator consists of a cylinder with two chambers that are separated by an elastic diaphragm, a totally enclosed bladder, or a floating piston.

One chamber contains hydraulic fluid and is connected to the hydraulic line.

The other chamber contains an inert gas under pressure (typically nitrogen) that provides the compressive force on the hydraulic fluid.

Inert gas is used because oxygen and oil can form an explosive mixture when combined under high pressure.

As the volume of the compressed gas changes the pressure of the gas, and the pressure on the fluid, changes inversely.

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Spring type
A spring type accumulator is similar in operation to the gas-charged accumulator above, except that a heavy spring (or springs) is used to provide the compressive force.

According to Hooke's law the magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is linearly proportional to its extension.

Therefore as the spring compresses, the force it exerts on the fluid is increased.

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Metal bellows type

The metal bellows accumulators function similarly to the compressed gas type, except the elastic diaphragm or floating piston is replaced by a hermetically sealed welded metal bellows.

Fluid may be internal or external to the bellows.

The advantages to the metal bellows type include exceptionally low spring rate, allowing the gas charge to do all the work with little change in pressure from full to empty, and a long stroke relative to solid (empty) height, which gives maximum storage volume for a given container size.

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The welded metal bellows accumulator provides an exceptionally high level of accumulator performance, and can be produced with a broad spectrum of alloys resulting in a broad range of fluid compatibility.

Another advantage to this type is that it does not face issues with high pressure operation, thus allowing more energy storage capacity.

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Hydraulic Ram
A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump powered by hydropower.

It functions as a hydraulic transformer that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate.

The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started.

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Hydraulic ram
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Construction and principle of operation:

A hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable. In addition, there is a drive pipe supplying water from an elevated source, and a delivery pipe, taking a portion of the water that comes through the drive pipe to an elevation higher than the source.

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Sequence of operation

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Basic components of a hydraulic ram:

Inlet drive pipe(1) Free flow at waste valve(2) Outlet delivery pipe(3) Waste valve(4) Delivery check valve(5) Pressure vessel(6)

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A simplified hydraulic ram is shown in Figure 2. Initially, the waste valve [4] is open, and the delivery valve [5] is closed.

The water in the drive pipe [1] starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until it forces the waste valve closed.

The momentum of the water flow in the supply pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pressure in the pump, opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe [3].

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Because this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows; when the flow reverses, the delivery check valve closes.

If all water flow has stopped, the loaded waste valve reopens against the now static head, which allows the process to begin again.

A pressure vessel [6] containing air cushions the hydraulic pressure shock when the waste valve closes, and it also improves the pumping efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe.

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Uses of hydraulic ram:

lifting drinking water from springs to settlements on higher ground. pumping drinking water from streams that have significant slope. lifting irrigation water from streams or raised irrigation channels.

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Ram Pump Advantages include:

Inexpensive
Very simple construction and easy to install yourself. Does not consume petrol, diesel or electricity. Minimum maintenance. Pollution free.

Quiet pumping 24 hours per day.

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