In

spoken discourse, native speakers adapt their pronunciation the audience and articulate with maximal economy of movement rather than maximal clarity. Thus, certain words are lost, and certain phonemes linked together as their attempt to get their message across. However, non-native speakers cant speak with correct pronunciation due the interference of mother tongue.

Several research studies have shown that connected speech instruction can help non-native to more easily comprehend rapid speech used by native speakers.

Definition : the phonetics of a speech segment

becomes more like another segment in a word. : sound of the ending of one word blends into the sound of the beginning of the following word. it varies based on speaking rate and style. likely to be found in rapid and casual speech.

/t/changes to /p/ before /m/ /b/ or /p/ eg. that man / dt mn / /dp mn/ put back / pt bk / / pp bk / unit price / junt pras / / junp pras /
1.

2. /d/ changes to /b/ before /m/ /b/ or /p/ eg. good morning / d mn / / b mn / old boy / ld b / / lb b / blood pressure / bld pre / / blb pre / 3. /n/ changes to eg. open market green belt one pair /m/ before /m/ /b/ or /p/ / pn mkt / / pm mkt / / rin belt / / rim belt / / wn pe / / wm pe /

4. /t/changes to /k/ before /k/ or /g/ eg. credit card / kredt kd / / kredk kd / fat girl / ft l / / fk l / 5. /d/ changes to /g/ before /k/ or /g/ eg. good cook / d kk / / g kk / bad girl / bd l / / bg l /
6. /n/ changes to // before /k/ or /g/ eg. town clerk / tan klk / / ta klk / action group / kn rup / / k rup /

7. /s/changes to // before // or /j/ eg. dress shop / dres p / / dre p / nice yacht / nas jt / / na jt / 8. /z/ changes to // before // or /j/ eg. these sheep / iz ip / / i ip / wheres yours? / wez jz / / we jz /
9. // changes to /s/ before /s/ eg. both sides / b sadz / / bs sadz / earth science / sans / / s sans /

 Omission

or deletion of certain phonemes in speech under certain circumstances. (sounds disappear. E.g.:omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant or syllable. This is common in casual conversation.

1) /t/ and /d/ - /t/ and /d/ are often omitted, especially when they appear in a consonant cluster. - E.g: christmas = / krstms/ next month= /nekst mn/ sandwich= / sndwt / you and me= /ju nd mi:/ 2) /h/ - omitted when it occurs in an unstressed function word and it is not at the beginning of the utterance. - E.g: his = /hz/ you shouldnt have= /ju dnt hv/

3) // schwa - omitted when it occurs between two consonants in the middle of a word, and in syllabic consonants - E.g: potato= /ptet/ today = /tde/ 4) /v/ - Deleted in of before consonants - E.g: lots of them /lts v m/ waste of money /west v mni/

Solution 3:

RHYTHM
Rhythm is an ordered recurrent alternation of strong and weak elements in the flow of sound and silence in speech. The pattern of strong and weak stress and short and long pronunciation gives English its rhythm.

Strong and Weak Stress Words Strong Usually content words.

E.g: Nouns: Terry, car, dinner Verbs: eat, study, drive Adjectives: blue, large, oval Adverbs: quietly, smoothly, equally Pronouns: that, theirs, himself, what

Weak- Usually Function words.

E.g: Auxiliary verbs: may, do, have (if not the main verb) Prepositions: under, around, near Conjunctions: but, not, Determiners: the, some, each Possessive adjectives: my, your, our

Why rhythm is important??

It is important for non-native speakers to understand and master

the rhythm of English. If the wrong words are stressed in a sentence or if all words are pronounced with the same length or loudness, the speech will be difficult to understand.

Stresses made on wrong words will caused misinterpretation of information and emotions intended to send by the speaker. English speakers appear to store vocabulary with stress patterns, so a stress mistake can throw a conversation off track, especially if the speakers control of English vowel sounds is uncertain. Therefore, the more frequently speakers misuse stress, the more effort listeners have to make to understand what they say.

There

are a number of phonological contraction processes in which a sequence of words is contracted, or reduced, to a shorter sequence. Contractions (two words forming one) are an extreme example of the way we connect speech. In order to be able to speak second language like native speaker, we must learn to understand contractions.

It is important for us to be aware that when native speakers speak, they use quite a number of contractions. They use formal contractions and informal contractions.

For EXAMPLES:

had would : spelt d have: spelt ve

are spelt re, pronounced after vowels, usually with some change in the proceeding vowel.eg: you ju: - youre j or j Contractions are is also pronounced as or r when following consonants. They're coming. (They are coming.) not: spelt nt I haven't seen him. (I have not seen him.)

Therefore, use of connected speech features can make learners sound more comprehensible and natural with less marked foreign accent.