Introduction To GT & CCPP

Simple Gas Turbine Plant

Simple Gas Turbine Plant

Thermodynamic Process

Compression
Constant pressure heat addition Expansion

Constant pressure Heat Rejection

BRAYTON CYCLE
P R E S S U R E

BURN BLOW

SQUEEZE

SUCK
VOLUME

BRAYTON CYCLE
P R E S S U R E

COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR TURBINE

VOLUME

Brayton Cycle

Brayton Cycle

Effect of Turbine Efficiency & pressure ratio on Thermal efficiency

Effect of pressure ratio & Temperature ratio on Efficiency

Effect of Pressure ratio on Efficiency

Energy Losses In Gas Turbine

Merits
They are more compact They can be started and take more load quickly They are simpler in design and easy maintenance

Merits
They consume less metal other materials for the same capacity They cost less.

They require almost no water for cooling. Man power is 25% of the conventional coal based plants.

Merits
Land requirement is less than 30% Availability is as high as 90%
Low gestation period.

The pollution is less

Demerits
They have a low specific power They have the lower efficiency at the modern state of progress They have a shorter service life

They are more sensitive to fuel quality

Demerits
High cost of spare parts High fuel cost-very volatile in case of liquid fuel High generation cost

Energy Losses CC Concept

 Gas turbine plus Unfired steam generator Gas turbine plus supplementary fired steam generator Gas turbine plus furnace fired steam generator

 Supercharged furnace fired steam generator plus gas turbine Integrated coal Gasification and combined cycle Power plant

Diesel engine based combined cycle

Generally steam pressures are limited to 60 ata. And SH temperatures limited to 420/480

Gas turbine output will be 60-75%

Steam turbine output 30-35%

Net plant heat rate is in the order of 2500-2800 Kcal/kwh

The flue gas temperature is increased to 940 Steam generation can be doubled that of an Unfired waste heat recovery boiler Steam turbine and gas turbine will be sharing the output equally Net plant heat rate is 2250-2500 Kcal/kwh

Majority of the fuel is fired in the steam generator

70-85 % of the plant load can be met by the steam turbines Increase in thermal efficiency 45%
Heat rate in the order of 2300 Kcal/Kwh

Plant heat rate is in the order of 2250-2500Kcal/kwh Heat transfer co efficients are significantly improved

 Single shaft system Multi shaft system

Modifications -Basic Cycle

Increase in power output

Increase in combustion turbine efficiency

 By increasing the mass flow through the turbine Recovering heat from the waste gas Reducing compressor work Increasing the average temperature of the heat source

Evaporative cooling cycle

Recuperative cycle
Intercooled cycle Humid air turbine cycle

Steam Injected cycle

Reheat cycle Intercooled steam injected cycle Intercooled reheat steam injected cycle Intercooled reheat chemically recuperated cycle

Radial Flow

centrifualcompressor
Have an appreciably shorter length, Since the pressure ratio attainable in a single stage is B=4.5.(High pressure ratio per stage) They are simpler in design and easy to manufacture thus leads to lower cost. Under all operating conditions, more reliable in operation. Centrifugal compressor is rugged in construction and is less susceptible to the effects of deposits left on the flow passages by the air.

centrifualcompressor
They are less sensitive to the fouling of the flow path Maintains good efficiency over a wide range of operations. (Their efficiency drops down less strongly in off rated-regimes. With a low volume discharge of air, a centrifugal compressor often turns out to be more efficient, since the efficiency of an axial compressor reduces substantially in such cases owing to increasing losses associated with the low height of blading.)

Axial Flow

Axial Flow Compressor

 A high delivery, upto 430-450 kg/s or even more. The highest efficiency possible in compressor is 83-90%. A high compressor pressure ratio due to many stages with low losses as required for gasturbine plants. Small transverse dimensions (Low cross sectional area) even with a high delivery.

 Axial compressors are having a large number of stages and hence a sophisticated design and appreciable length since pressure ratio of single stage does not exceed 1.25. Has narrower operating range for good efficiency. Higher weight and higher cost. Starting power can be high.

Film Cooling

1. 2. 3.

Directionally solidified Single crystal Normal Casting