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I- MUD SYSTEMS
A. B. C. D. Fresh Water Muds Inhibited Muds Water Base Emulsion Oil Base & Synthetic Muds
B- Inhibited Mud
((Is that mud which repress the hydration and subsequent dispersion of clay into the mud)).
1- Lime mud. 2- Low lime mud. 3- Gypsum mud. 4- Sea water mud. 5- Saturated salt water mud. 6- K-plus mud.
Disadvantages
MUD CONTAMINATS
Water Base Mud
1- Shales. 2- Soluble Salts (cement). 3- Acid Gasses (H2S & CO2).
1- DENSITY
accepted terminology that indicates the weight per unit volume of drilling fluid))
-Pounds per gallon (ppg).
((Any
-Pounds per cubic feet (pcf). -Gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc). -Kilogram per liter (kg/l).
2- RHEOLOGY
((The laboratory measured mud parameters))
a-Funnel Viscosity (vis) b-Plastic Viscosity (PV) c- Yield Point (YP) d- Gel strength e- ph f- Filtration g- Alkalinity h- Chloride Content i- Calcium j- Retort
VISCOSITY
((Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow))
1- Funnel Viscosity Apparent Viscosity (vis) is the measured times it takes for one quart of mud to gravity feed through a hole of a specific diameter.
viscosity
2- Multi Speed rheometr relates viscosity to shear rate and shear stress. i. Newtonian fluids ii. Non Newtonian fluids
2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))
b-Plastic viscosity (Pv) is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused primarily by the friction between the suspended particles and by the viscosity of the continuous liquid phase. i.e. it is a representation of the concentration, size and shape of the solid particles. c-Yield point (Yp) is a measurement under flowing conditions of the forces in the mud which cause gel structure to develop when the mud is at rest.
Gel strength
d-Gel strength (Gel) is a measurement under static conditions of the forces in the mud which cause gel structure to develop when the mud is at rest.
2- RHEOLOGY ((continue))
e- pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of drilling mud as expressed in the hydrogen ion concentration . It is used as an aid in determining for type of mud treatment and as indication of contaminants such as cement, gypsum . f- Filtration (Wl) is a measurement liquid filtrate of the drilling mud. It measure the ability of the solid components to form a thin, low permeability filter cake.
III- HYDRAULICS
((Deals with the behavior of mud with specific Rheology in moving))
a- Flow PATTERN. b- PRESSURE DROP. c- ECD. d- SLIP VELOCITY d- SURGE & SWAP. e- BIT HYDRAULICS.
a- Flow Pattern
((Refers to the relation between the different layers to each other in moving))
1- Plug flow. 2- Laminar flow. 3- Turbulent flow. This depends on the relation between the Fluid Velocity & the Critical Velocity i- Fluid Velocity. ii- Critical Velocity.
b- Pressure Drop
((Refers to the pressure required to overcome the friction between the drilling fluid and specific system section))
1- Drill String Pressure Drop. 2- Annulus Pressure Drop. 3- Bit Pressure Drop.
BINGHAM PLASTIC
((Reology in Bingham model concerned with PV & YP))
PV = C 600 C 300 YP = C 300 PV It is more accurate in Oil Base Mud than in Water base mud.
POWER LAW
It allows for more plastic or pseudo fluid behavior. Power law slip velocity is generally less than Bingham one. Calculating slip velocity by Bingham provide adequate hole cleaning More accurate in water base mud.
4- Bit Hydraulics
Bit Pressure Drop. Jet Velocity. Hydraulic Horse Power. Impact Force