Organic Macromolecules

Macromolecule literally means Giant Molecule Organic Macromolecules are all based on a skeleton of carbon atoms. Life is based on Carbon for 2 reasons 1. Carbon is abundant in nature 2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself and with many different elements

Carbon Basis of Life Organic Chemistry

4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: Sugars + StarchesEnergy Lipids: Fats and Oils- Energy Storage, Cell Membranes, Protein: Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Transport, Structural Components of Cells Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic

Identify each example according to type of macromolecule. . .

Butter

Chicken Breast

Bread

Fish Filet

Pizza Grease

Corn Syrup

DNA

Organic Substances of the Body

Organic Compound Elements Building Blocks

Carbohydrates

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Simple sugars (Monosaccharides) Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Lipids

Proteins

Carbon, Hydrogen, Amino Acids Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur Carbon, Hydrogen, Nucleotides Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

TERMS
Organic Compound Monomer Polymer Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATES

THESE

ARE

MONOMERS OF CARBOHYDRATES

DISACCHARIDES
Glucose + Fructose Glucose + Glucose Glucose + Galactose

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HYDROLYSIS

Polymerization
Macromolecules are built by linking together smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers) Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen and oxygen atoms form a water molecule. Since this bonding process releases water, we call it Dehydration Synthesis

POLYSACCHARIDES

LIPIDS

THIS IS GLYCEROL, THE MONOMER OF LIPIDS

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AGAIN !!

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar with the chemical formula of C6H12O6 These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula, but different shapes. Examples: Glucose Fructose Galactose

Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
Disaccharide = Double sugar. Theyre made by joining 2 monosaccharides Examples: Sucrose: Table Sugar Lactose: Milk Sugar Maltose: Grain Sugar

SUCROSE: Table Sugar

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = Many sugars This is a long chain of monosaccharides Examples: Starch: Grain Foods Cellulose: Plant fiber

Glucose Monomer

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Lipids
Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen. Lipids are used in two ways: Storage of energy Insulate and Cushion Organs Lipids are composed of two units bonded together that form the shape of a capital E. Glycerol: The vertical backbone Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains

Types of Lipids
There are two types of Lipids: Saturated - when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond. The fatty acids are straight. Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.

glycerol molecule

fatty acid chain

Comparing plant and animal fats

Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

Proteins
Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are extremely long polymers of molecules called amino acids. Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells

Protein Folding & Denaturing

Protein chains can bend and fold into a variety of shapes, depending on the job they need to do. Some large proteins are made by combining many protein chains together. Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so that it no longer works

Denaturating Proteins

Cooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it is exposed to acids

Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. They are composed of long chains of nucleotides (monomer). Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two types of nucleic acid:
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleic acid

Copyright Cmassengale

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