Pumps

Pump Classification

Pump Classification

Pumps

Positive Displacement

Dynamic

Rotary

Reciprocating

Centrifugal

Axial

Multiple Rotor

Single Rotor

Diaphragm

Piston, Plunger

Positive Displacement

Axial Piston Pump

Axial Piston Pump

Radial Piston Pump

Internal Gear Pump

Internal Gear Pump

Delivery Drive Gear Driven Gear

Inlet

Cam

Progressive Cavity Single Screw

Progressive Cavity Pump

Single Screw Rotor

Elastomer Stator

Universal Coupling

Double Screw Pump

Double Screw Pump

Timing Gears

Triple Screw Pump

Axial Flow Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Volute Diffuser

Centrifugal Pump

Open

Semi-Open

Closed

Impellers

Double Entry Impeller

Mixed Flow Pump

Head vs Pressure
The term head is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump. In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid. Imagine a pipe shooting a jet of water straight up into the air, the height the water goes up would be the head.

Head vs Pressure
The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not change. Since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's head and forget about the pressure.

Head vs Pressure
A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid.

Pressure( kN m2 ) Head (m) Specific Gravity (kg m3 ) g (m s 2 )

Pump Head

Total Head

Static Delivery Head

+ve
Static Suction Head -ve

Positive Displacement Characteristic

Total Head Hm

Slip

Theoretical Actual

Flow Q m3/h

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Total Head Hm

Theoretical Actual Discharge Characteristic

Dynamic Pump Losses Static Pump Losses

Flow Q m3/h

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Power kW Efficiency % Total Head H m

Flow Q m3/h

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Pump Characteristic
Total Head H m

System Characteristic

Flow Q m3/h

Pump Characteristics

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Total Head H m

3rd Stage System Characteristic 2nd Stage

Pump Characteristic

Flow Q m3/h

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Pumps in parallel
Total Head H m

System Characteristic

Pumps Characteristic

Flow Q m3/h

Required Flow

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Pumps in parallel
Total Head H m

System Characteristic

Pumps Characteristics

Flow Q m3/h

Required Flow

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

Throttling
Efficiency % Total Head H m

Pump Characteristic

Reduced Speed

System Characteristic

Reduced Requirement

Normal Flow

Flow Q m3/h

Suction Head
Pumps do not SUCK. It is not possible to PULL a fluid A pump simply lowers the pressure at its inlet and the fluid is pushed in

Suction Head

Static Head Ambient Pressure

Providing the Static Head is less than the Ambient Pressure Head then the pump can (theoretically) lower the pressure sufficiently for the fluid to enter

Pressure Head at pump = Ambient Pressure Head Static Head The Static Head is Positive if the level of the fluid is above the pump

Suction Head

Static Head Ambient Pressure

Friction Head When the fluid is in motion further losses occur due to friction, obstructions, in the pipeline and fittings

Pressure Head at pump = Ambient Pressure Head Static Head Friction Head

Net Positive Suction Head

Net Positive Suction Head NPSH the difference between the actual pressure of the fluid at the pump inlet and the vapour pressure of that fluid.

Net Positive Suction Head

Vapour Pressure

The pressure exerted by the vapour within a liquid

If the ambient pressure is greater than the vapour pressure then the vapour is contained within the liquid. If the ambient pressure is less than the vapour pressure the vapour is released the liquid boils. Increasing the liquid temperature increases the vapour pressure

Net Positive Suction Head

Centigrade 4.4

Vapour pressure (Bar) A 0.00839

37.8
82.2 100 148.9

0.06546
0.5179 1.0135 4.62

Net Positive Suction Head

Static Head Ambient Pressure

Friction Head If the Pressure Head at the pump suction falls below the Vapour Pressure Head then the liquid boils and cavitation can occur Vapour Pressure

Net Positive Suction Head = Ambient Pressure Head Static Head Friction Head Vapour Pressure NPSH = Hp Hs Hf Hvp

Net Positive Suction Head

The pump has a NPSH requirement in order to prevent cavitation damage occurring and causing severe damage.

The NPSHr increases with flow due to pump internal losses - friction, impeller losses etc.

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

NPSH m

No Cavitation NPSHa (System Characteristic)

Cavitation

NPSHr (Pump Characteristic)

Flow Q m3/h

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic

NPSH m

No Cavitation

Cavitation

Double Entry Impeller

Flow Q m3/h

Cargo Stripping System

Vent

Cargo Discharge

Engine Room
Motor

Pump Room
Vacuum Pump Interceptor Tank

Control Panel

Level Monitor Purging Separator

Turbine From Cargo Tanks

Deep-well Pumps

Deep-well Pump

Deep-well Pump

Air/Inert gas for Purging

C/O Valve

Reservoir for Bearing Lubrication Electric or Hyd. Motor

Drive Shaft and Bearings Cargo Tank

3 Stage Mixed Flow Pump with Inducer

Cargo Tank

Central Cooling System

Serial and parallel pumping Variable speed pumps NPSH Pumping systems for Oil and Gas cargoes Central cooling systems

 Discharge Characteristics, including Power and efficiency NPSH and Suction characteristics Pump selection Series, parallel pumping Variable speed pumps Cargo pumping pump room and submersible Central cooling systems