RESPIRATION

7.1 THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION

CELL RESPIRATION
All organism require energy to carry out all living processes Energy is required for various processes which occur in the cell such as:

Cell division for growth Formation of gamete for reproduction Transmitting nerve impulses for response and coordination Contraction of muscles for movement Synthesis of proteins, hormones, lipids and enzymes

CELL RESPIRATION
Respiration is the process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell The main substrate for respiration is glucose Glucose is obtained from:

Digestion of carbohydrates in humans and animals The process of photosynthesis in plants

Respiration at the cellular level is known as cellular respiration The process occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of cells Respiration involves a series of reactions controlled by enzymes

TYPE OF RESPIRATION

There are two types of respiration in the cell

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration also known as 'oxidative metabolism Aerobic respiration is the breaking down of glucose in the presence of oxygen to release chemical energy Oxygen is required to oxidise the glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP) In aerobic respiration, the glucose is completely oxidised

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Occurs in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of cells The reactions occurs slowly and in stages controlled by enzymes Some of the chemical energy released is changed to heat energy while the rest of the chemical energy is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a carrier of chemical energy ATP can be regenerated by combining inorganic phosphate (P) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

ATP

ADP + P + energy

When body cells need energy, ATP molecules will be hydrolysed to yield energy, a molecule of ADP and an inorganic phosphate During aerobic respiration, at least 38 molecules of ATP or 2898 kJ of energy is released Aerobic respiration can be represented by the following equation:
Glucose + oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide + water + 38 ATP/ 2898 kJ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP/ 2898 kJ

The oxygen for aerobic respiration comes from inhaled air while the carbon dioxide released is removed during exhalation

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Refers to the special type of respiration, which takes place without oxygen Anaerobic respiration is the process of oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen Anaerobic respiration is synonymous with fermentation Glucose is not completely broken down. Not all the energy in glucose is released Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMAN MUSCLES

Occurs in human muscles during vigorous activities During vigorous activities, oxygen need to be transported fast enough to the muscles for rapid cell respiration This will enable the release of sufficient energy for the vigorous muscle activity The breathing rate and heart rate are increased to supply more oxygen quickly to the muscles for rapid muscular contraction However, the supply of oxygen to the muscles is still insufficient and the muscles have to carry out anaerobic respiration to release energy

In the muscles cells, glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to form lactic acid and energy for muscle contraction
Glucose C6H12O6 Lactic acid + 2 ATP/ 150 kJ 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP/ 150 kJ

Lactic acid accumulates in the muscles causing muscular ache An oxygen debt incurred because the maximum rate of oxygen used is less than the oxygen supplied Oxygen is required to pay off the oxygen debt Rapid breathing continues after the vigorous exercise obtain sufficient oxygen

Oxygen oxidises the lactic acid to carbon dioxide, water and energy When all lactic acid is oxidised, the oxygen debt is said to be paid

oxygen

Lactic acid

carbon dioxide + water + energy

Oxidation of lactic acid mainly occurs in the liver Some of the lactic acid is oxidised to produce energy The remaining is converted to glucose and then glycogen which is then stored in the muscle cells

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST

Yeast carries out both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation During fermentation, yeast secretes the enzyme zymase which hydrolyses glucose in the absence of oxygen to form ethanol, carbon dioxide and 2 ATP

Enzyme zymase

Glucose
Enzyme zymase

ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

C6H12O6

2C5H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP/ 210 kJ

The enzyme zymase secreted by the yeast speed up the fermentation process In the fermentation process, only a small amount of energy is released A large amount of energy is still stored in the ethanol as chemical energy This is because the glucose is not completely broken down The products of fermentation such as carbon dioxide is used as raising agent in baking bread while ethanol is used to produce alcoholic drinks such as wine

COMPARISON BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Occurs in the _________ of oxygen

Releases _________ amount of energy (___ molecules of ATP or ______ kJ) Produces ____________ and __________ Glucose is _______________ broken down Occurs in the _________________ and _____________________

Occurs in the ____________ of oxygen

Releases ________ energy ( ____ molecules of ATP or ____ kJ (muscle cells) _____ kJ (yeast) Produces ____________ (human muscles) or ________________ (yeast) Glucose is ___________________ broken down Occurs in the __________________ only

RESPIRATION IN FISH

AMPHIBIANS

BRAIN SENSOR THE CHANGES OF CO AND O

2

How???

Breathing is clearly an involuntary process (you don't have to think about it), and like many involuntary processes (such as heart rate) it is controlled by a region of the brain called the medulla. The medulla and its nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system (i.e. involuntary). The region of the medulla that controls breathing is called the respiratory centre. The main centres are the apneustic centre, which enhances inspiration, and the pneumotaxic centre, which terminates inspiration.

The respiratory center transmits regular nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to cause inhalation. Stretch receptors in the alveoli and bronchioles detect inhalation and send inhibitory signals to the respiratory center to cause exhalation. This negative feedback system in continuous and prevents damage to the lungs.

Ventilation is also under voluntary control from the cortex, the voluntary part of the brain. This allows you to hold your breath or blow out candles, but it can be overruled by the autonomic system in the event of danger. For example if you hold your breath for a long time, the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood increases so much that the respiratory centre forces you to gasp and take a breath.

IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNTEOCFmOIQ (fish breath)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfojq4ikHH0 (Frog breath) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HV60yTvy3Mk (insect reapiration) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlmgFYmbAUg&fea ture=related(plant respiration)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&fe ature=related Human breathing system

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWC8BRCuTtg&fe ature=related