Whats that?

How about this one?

Embedded Systems
by Amit gupya Trishita Kajal kumari Vibhu arya Sk. Gouse baba

What is an Embedded system ?

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today.

Examples
Air conditioner ATM machine Battery charger Digital camera DVD player Fax machine Home security system Mobile phone Modem Navigation system PDA Photocopier Printer Router Scanner TV Video game console Wearable computer

History
In the earliest years of computers in 1930 40s, computers were sometimes dedicated to a single purpose task.

One of the first recognizably modern embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

History
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. The first microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004 was designed for calculators and other small systems but still required many external memory and support chips.

History
By the mid-1980s, most of the common previously external system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor and this modern form of the microcontroller allowed an even more widespread use, which by the end of the decade were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices.

Characteristics (1/4)
Special-purpose
Typically, is designed to execute a single program, repeatedly It used to be singlepurpose Now, multi-functioned, but single-purpose Tactic and Strategy

Characteristics (2/4)
Tightly constrained
Low cost Simple systems Fewer components based Performs functions fast enough Minimum power

Characteristics (3/4)
Reactive and realtime
Reactive: Continually reacts to external events Real-time: Must compute certain results in real-time

Characteristics (4/4)
Hardware and software co-exist
The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware Is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive

Difference between microcontroller and a microprocessor

Microcontroller
Single functionedexecutes a specific task
Available at less cost and works at high speed compared to MP. On-chip RAM, ROM Examples : Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 7 PIC 16X.

Microprocessor
Designed for multitasking
Highly expensive and works at low speed compared to MC. Needs external ROM and RAM Examples : Intel pentium, i3, i5, i7, AMD.

Programming Language
High level languages such as C language can be used. Even assembly language can also be used. Software development stages: Analysis Design Implementation Maintenance

Operating System
Usually there is no operating system Embedded operating system: designed to be very compact and efficient, forsaking many functions that non-embedded computer operating systems provide. RTOS may not be necessary in a small-scaled embedded system. An RTOS is necessary when scheduling of multiple processes and devices is important.

Embedded System Structure (Generic)

DA Actuator

Sensor

AD

MC & ICs

Memory

Application areas
Automotive electronics

Aircraft electronics Trains

Telecommunication

Application areas
Consumer electronics

Fabrication equipments

Smart buildings

Application areas examples

Latest BMWs consist of over 100 MCs or MPs (personal communications). In India, embedded systems has entered even in bikes sectors- SUZUKI GS 150 R uses a MC in order make the bike run in two modes.

conclusions
... the New York Times has estimated that the average American comes into contact with about 60 microprocessors every day....

Most of the functionality of embedded systems will be implemented in software!