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Water power Hydrological cycle / flow measurement drainage area characteristics Hydrographs storage and pondage classification of dams and spill ways.
HYDRO PROJECTS AND PLANT
Classification Typical layouts plant auxiliaries plant operation pumped storage plants
Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Hydrological Cycle
Exchange of heat energy
heat is released
Water power
Concept
The power is generated by the energy of water which moves turbines, which runs the electric generator, as a result When rain water falls over the earths surface, it possesses potential energy relative to sea or ocean towards which it flows. If at a certain point, the water falls through an appreciable vertical height, this energy can be converted into shaft work. As the water falls through a certain height, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and this kinetic energy is converted to the mechanical energy by allowing the water to flow through the hydraulic turbine runner. This mechanical energy is utilized to run an electric generator which is coupled to the turbine shaft.
Power
Power generated
Power = W.Q.H. watts where W = Specific weight of water Q = Rate of water flow H = Height of fall or head = Efficiency of conversion of potential energy into mechanical energy
Hydrograph
A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow
(discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, or channel carrying flow
Hydrograph (example)
Features of HPP
The essential features of a water power plant are as below: Catchment area Reservoir Dam and intake house Inlet water way Power house Tail race or outlet water way
Features
Catchment Area
The catchment area of a hydro plant is the whole area behind the dam, draining into a stream or river across which the dam has been built at a suitable place
Reservoir
Whole of the water available from the catchment
area is collected in a reservoir behind the dam. The purpose of the storing of water in the reservoir is to get a uniform power output throughout the year. A reservoir can be either natural or artificial. A natural reservoir is a lake in high mountains and an artificial reservoir is made by constructing a dam across the river
Dam
A dam is built across a river for two functions: to impound the river water for storage and to create the head of water. A barrier to confine or raise water for storage or
Types of Dams
Dams
Fill Dams
Masonry Dams
Solid Gravity Dams Buttress Dams
Timber Dams
Earth Dams
Rock-fill Dams
Arc Dams
Fill Dams
Earth Fill Dam - Tarbela Dam, Pakistan Rock Fill Dam - New Melones Dam, California
Masonry Dams
Solid Gravity Dam - Grand Coulee Dam Arch Dam Gordon Dam, Tasmania
Types of Spillways
Over-fall spillway or solid gravity spillway
Classification
The hydro-power plants can be classified as below: l. Storage plant (a) High head plants (b) Low head plants (c) Medium head plants. 2. Run-of-river power plants (a) With pondage (b) Without pondage. 3. Pumped storage power Plants
which distribute the water to penstock through which the water is conveyed to the turbines The water from the reservoir can be taken to a smaller storage known as a fore-bay. The fore-bays help to regulate the demand for water according to the load on the turbines The function of the surge tank is to prevent a sudden pressure rise in the penstock when the load on the turbines decreases and the inlet valves to the turbines are suddenly closed Example: Pelton Wheel
Pelton Wheel
then the water from the fore-bay is conveyed to the turbines through pen-stocks The river water is usually tapped off to a fore-bay on one bank of the river From the fore-bay, the water is then led to the turbines through penstocks Example: Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
plants A dam is built on the river and the water is diverted into a canal which conveys the water into a fore-bay from where the water is allowed to flow through turbines Example: Kaplan Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
and pump all or a portion of their own water supply The usual construction would be a tail water pond and a head water pond connected through a penstock During off peak hours, some of the surplus electric energy being generated by the base load plant, is utilized to pump the water from tail water pond into the head water pond and this energy will be stored there During times of peak load, this energy will be released by allowing the water to flow from the head water pond through the water turbine of the pumped storage plant When the water flows through it from the head water pond it will act as a turbine and rotate the generator. When rotated in the reverse direction by means of an electric motor, it will act as a pump to shunt the water from the tail water pond to the head water pond
Sources
Wikipedia
PPE by Rajput
PPE by Dwivedi