Introduction to University Chemistry I

Dr Mark Tonge
780-497-5191

CHEM 101

5-132D
September 2011

Types of Chemical Reactions

LECTURE 13: OVERVIEW & LEARNING OUTCOMES After attending this session you should be able to:
recognise the important classes of chemical reactions, such as precipitation, acid-base, redox make predictions on the outcomes of simple precipitation reactions Reading: Chapter 4, sections 4.4 to 4.7

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.4 FUNDAMENTAL CLASSES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical reactions in aqueous solution can be subdivided as follows: Precipitation Reactions Acid-Base Reactions Redox Reactions: oxidation reduction

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Precipitation Reactions are a sub-grouping of Metathesis Reactions: double-displacement reactions where cations and anions are exchanged Precipitation reactions are driven by the formation of a stable precipitate, and are important in: Chemical manufacturing, eg pharmaceutical synthesis Analytical measurement, eg chloride ions in seawater Cleanup and removal of contaminants, eg wastewater treatment

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Some reactions in aqueous solution give rise to insoluble products that precipitate ( ) from solution:
KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)
Na2CrO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)

AgCl( ) + KNO3(aq)
BaCrO4( ) + 2NaCl(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Solubility is not always easy to predict, but can be aided by applying some simple solubility rules in the following order:
1 salts of ammonium and group 1 cations are usually soluble

2 nitrates, acetates and perchlorates are usually soluble

3 silver, lead and mercury I salts are usually insoluble 4 chlorides, bromides and iodides are usually soluble 5 carbonates, phosphates, sulphides, selenides, chromates, oxides and hydroxides are usually insoluble 6 sulphates are usually soluble, except for those of calcium, strontium and barium

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Compound
MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 BaSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3 AgCl NaOH

Predicted Solubility

Solubility Rule(s)

Observed Solubility

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Compound
MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 BaSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3 AgCl NaOH

Predicted Solubility
soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble insoluble soluble

Solubility Rule(s)

Observed Solubility

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Compound
MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 BaSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3 AgCl NaOH

Predicted Solubility
soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble insoluble soluble

Solubility Rule(s)
4 5 6 6 2>3 3>4 1>5

Observed Solubility

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Compound
MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 BaSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3 AgCl NaOH

Predicted Solubility
soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble insoluble soluble

Solubility Rule(s)
4 5 6 6 2>3 3>4 1>5

Observed Solubility
soluble insoluble insoluble soluble soluble insoluble soluble

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Complete the following equations and identify any insoluble products:
NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq)

FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
FeCl3(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Complete the following equations and identify any insoluble products:
3NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3( )

FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
FeCl3(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Complete the following equations and identify any insoluble products:
2NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3( ) PbSO4( ) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)

FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
FeCl3(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Complete the following equations and identify any insoluble products:
2NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3( ) PbSO4( ) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)

FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
FeCl3(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq)

FeS( ) + 2HCl(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.5 PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Complete the following equations and identify any insoluble products:
2NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + FeSO4(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3( ) PbSO4( ) + Fe(NO3)2(aq)

FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
FeCl3(aq) + (NH4)3PO4(aq)

FeS( ) + 2HCl(aq)
FePO4( ) + 3NH4Cl(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.6 DESCRIBING REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
There are many different ways of representing reactions in solution, each revealing different types of information: Molecular:

Here, the overall reaction stoichiometry is shown but not the actual chemical forms of the reactants and products:
KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl( ) + KNO3(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.6 DESCRIBING REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
Complete Ionic: Here, all strong electrolytes are represented as ions:

K+(aq) + Cl(aq) + Ag+(aq) + NO3 (aq)

AgCl( ) + K+(aq) + NO3 (aq) In the above example, the K+(aq) and NO3 (aq) remain unchanged and are therefore known as Spectator Ions

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.6 DESCRIBING REACTIONS IN SOLUTION
Net Ionic: Here, only those species that undergo change are shown, not the spectator ions: Cl(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgCl( )

Here, the spectator ions that appear on each side of the chemical equation are cancelled out to focus on the most important information

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.7 SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Precipitation can be used to separate mixtures of ions, for example in: analytical measurement, eg gravimetric analysis sample cleanup, eg removal of iron form solution

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.7 SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Starting with a mixture of silver, barium, iron (III) and nitrate ions in aqueous solution, suggest a scheme for the separation of the mixture by Selective Precipitation of silver, barium, iron (III) ions in that order: 1: add aqueous sodium chloride solution: Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl( )

Barium and iron (III) ions remain unchanged, so the silver ions can be removed as AgCl(s) by filtration

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.7 SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION
2: add aqueous sodium sulphate solution to the filtrate: Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) BaSO4( ) Iron (III) ions remain unchanged, so the barium ions can be removed as BaSO4(s) by filtration

Types of Chemical Reactions

4.7 SELECTIVE PRECIPITATION
3: add aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to the filtrate: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq) Fe(OH)3( )

What is left in the filtrate after step three? Aqueous solution of sodium and nitrate ions, plus traces of excess chloride, sulphate and hydroxide ions