PHYLUM COELENTRATA/CNIDARIA

PHYLUM
COELENTRATA/CNIDARIA
• Almost all marine species
• Estimated about 9000 species

Coelentrata

Cnidaria Ctenophora
 COELENTRATA: Characteristics
• Almost all marine species
• Radial symmetry
• Do not possess a head
• Exist in 2 morphologies: polyp and medusa
• Possess stinging organ – nematocyst
– Except for ctenophores
• Nervous system
– Simple
– No central control
• Reproduction – sexual and asexual
Two morphologies of Coelentrata

Polyp

medusa
 General morphology of Medusa

-ectoderm, or epidermis, contains the cnidocysts or nematocysts;

- endoderm, or gastrodermis, lines the gut, which in some
cnidarians may be divided up by septa (as in the Anthozoa);
- mesoglea, a layer of jellylike substance which contains scattered cells
and collagen fibers
 NEMATOCYST OR CNIDOCYSTS

Before discharge discharged

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Class Antozoa
 Class Anthozoa

• Most well known as it include corals, anemone),

sea fans etc.;
• Considered most primitive;
• Only polyp form ie. no medusa stage;
• Solitary or colonial;
• Enteron divided into 8 atau or more mesenteries
(septa) containing nematocyst;
• Gonad located at the endodermis;
• All marine spp.
Class Anthozoa:

Subclass Zoantharia
• Simple tentacles with no branching;
• eg anemone, hard corals – Metridium, Adamsia,
Astrangia

Subclass Alcyonaria
• Tentacles with 8 pinna
• eg soft corals – Alcyonium, Gorgonia
 CLASS ANTHOZOA
Subclass Zoantharia

Anemone

Hard Coral
CLASS ANTHOZOA
Subclass Alcyonaria

Eg. Alcyonaria
 Class Hydrozoa

• Solitary or colonial;
• Polyp – asexual stage;
• medusa – sexual reproductive stage;
• Sometimes difficult to differentiate madusa form from
true jelly fish (scyphozoa);
• Hydrant do not have mesentery
• Medusa (if present) possess velum
• Eg Hydra, Obelia, Physalia
Example of Class Hydrozoa - Hydra

• Polyp form at all life

stages
Figure 1. Obelia polyp generation. A small portion of a colony.
Medusa of Obelia

gonads

Manubrium – feeding opening

Statolith – for equilibrium

 Dangerous Jelly Fish

Portuguese man-of-war
Pelagia notiluca Physalia sp
(Scyphozoa) (Hydrozoa colony)
 Class Scyphozoa

• Solitary;
• Polyp stage reduced or absent;
• Medusa in the form of a bell (no velum)
• Mesoglea (between epidermis and
gastrodermis) thick;
• All marine spp.;
• Eg Aurelia, Cassiopeia, Rhizostoma
 SCYPHOZOA: EXAMPLES

Rhizostoma sp
Aurelia sp
 Class Cubozoa

• Before placed under Class Scyphozoa

• Medusa is dominant phase (as with Scyphozoa)
• Possess velarium, struktur similar to velum
(different from Scyphozoa)
• ‘Bell’ resembles a box;
• One polyp will produce only one medusa;
• Different from jellyfish as it has 4 pedalia (flat
structure where tentacles are attached)
• Chironex sp. (about 25 cm) found in Australia
can kill a swimmer in a few minutes.
       
Animalia - Cnidaria - Cubozoa
Diagram showing the major features of the adult cubozoan.
Resolution: 820x1179x2
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Submitted by: Livingstone
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Main features of the box-jelly pedalia

                                                                                                   

                                                                                         
Ctenophores
 Ctenophore -Characteristics
• Voracious predators;
• No stinging cells (nematocysts);
• Possess colloblasts (sticky cells) to
capture prey;
• Special cilia in mouth used for biting
gelatinous prey.
 Cnidaria - Feeding

• Some nearly completely dependent on

zooxanthellae;

• Others trap prey but augment their diet

with zooxanthellae;

• Ctenophora - predators
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES –
FLAT WORMS
 PLATYHELMINTHES: CHARACTERISTICS

• 3 dermal layers (tripoblastik)

• Flat dorsal –ventrally
• Dorsal different from ventral
• Anterior different from posterior
• Mouth and genital opening on ventral side
• Bilateral symmetry
• Considered most primitive animal
• Living surface membrane
• No body cavity except for digestive tract (acoelomate).
Space between organs filled with parenchyma cells (a
kind of connective tissue)
 PLATYHELMINTHES: Characteristics (cont.)

• Considered more advance than Cnidaria because they

have developed good nervous, muscle and
reproductive systems;
• Do not have an anus; wastes remove through mouth;
• Nervous system made up of a pair of anterior ganglion
and longitudinal nerve cord and connected with a criss-
cross of nerve network;
• Simple sensory organ; eye-spot for some;
• Excretory system made up of 2 lateral canals with
branching ending in the flame cells (protonephridia).
Absent in the primitive forms.
Internal sections of a Planaria
 PLATYHELMINTHES: Characteristics (cont.)

• Respiratory, circulatory and skeletal systems absent;

• Most monoecious. ie. both male and female organs on
same animal;
• Asexual reproduction also possible - regenaration.
PLATYHELMINTHES: CLASSIFICATION

• Class Terbullaria (free-living)

• Class Monogenea
• Class Trematoda (flukes)
• Class Cestoidea (tape worm)
 Class Terbullaria
• Most free-living
• Found in the oceans, in fresh water, and in moist
terrestrial habitats, and a few are parasitic
• Most are carnivorous;
• Some omnivorous;
• Excretory system made up of 2 lateral canals
with branchings that end in flame cells
(protonephridia).
– eg. Planaria
Eg. planaria Dugesia sp
 Protonephridia (flame cells)
• Function more for
osmoregulation
• Excess water (and waste
materials) absorbed into
flame cells;
• Materials moved along
excretory canal by cilia
movement to be
discharged via excretory
pore
 Flame cell (protonephridia)

Excretory canal
Flat worm – external features

A Dorsal surface
B Dorsal and ventral surface;
1 Head
2 Anterior
3 Posterior
4 eye-spot
5 Sensory lobe
6 Dorsal surface
7 Mouth
8 Pharynx (extended when feeding)
9 Pharynx opening
10 Genital opening
11 Ventral surface (ciliated)
CLASS MONOGENEA

Parasites found in gills skin

of fish. Never in humans
CLASS TREMATODA
 Class Trematoda:
– All parasites, especially along digestive tract;
• Digenea – 2 host, one must be mollusca
• Aspidogastrea -1 host, normally mollusca
• Didymozoidea – in fish tissue
Life Cycle of Liver Fluke - Trematoda
CLASS CESTOIDEA
(tape worm)
Scolex

Hook
Sucker

Class Cestoda: Taenia sp. – tape worm found in pork

 Class Cestoidea:

– All parasites of vertebrates;

– Requires 2 hosts;
• Cestodaria
• Cestoda