CELL

Fundamental

unit of life Self-assembling Self-replicating Self-regulating Covered by Lipid Bilayer Enclosing cell organalles

 SURROUNDINGS

Biochemical Physiological Physio-chemical

These

three points affect the growth and metabolism of the cells. Natural surroundings also influence behavior of a cell.

 Contact

of animal cell by its surroundings is through various types:Extracellular Medium & Cellular Exchange Extracellular matrix Cell adhesion molecules Proteoglycans Cell junctions Cell Cell Interaction

 Nutrients
Hormones Plasma

Creatinine
Cytokines Waste

material Buffers Growth Factors

 Carbohydrate

Major source of energy for cultured cells. For ex- Glucose, Sucrose, etc. Also present in the form of polymers in cell wall. For ex-Cellulose, Chitin, etc. It is of three main types Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharide Glucose is consumed via Glycolysis, TCA cycle and Electron Transport Chain.

 Lipids

& its Derivatives

Hydrophobic or amphipathic molecule Fatty Acid Triacylglycerol Glycerophospholipids Sphingolipids Waxes Terpenes Steroids

 Amino

Acids

It has an amine group, a carboxyl acid group and side chain (variable) Main function is in metabolism 22 types

Vitamins

Necessary for growth and multiplication They are classified by their biological activity Cholin is essential for cell adhesion and cytoskeleton formation

 Minerals

Macronutrients-Na, P, O, Ca, Mg, etc Micronutrients-Zn, Mn, Co, etc Required for maintaining integrity of cells

 Means-to

set in motion Synthesized and secreted by ductless glands Have growth promoting activity of certain cells Receptors are present on plasma membrane Examples- TSH, FSH,GH, LH.

 Constituent

of blood devoid of its cellular

parts It contains all the nutrients discussed above Various factors in it help in protecting system

Kinin system Clotting system Fibrinolytic system Complement system

 It

is an enzymatic cascade that begins when a plasma clotting factor is activated. Two imp kinins- bradykinin & kallidin Precursor molecule is kininogen-HMWK & LMWK. Bradykinin causes vasodilation on activation and main pain producing molecule.

Clotting Cascade Fibrinogen Fibrin-clot Fibrin degradation products

Plasminogen T-PA F XIIa HMWK Kallikrein Urokinase Streptokinase

Plasmin

 Formed

sequentially by addition of arginine and glycine to form guanidinoacetate which forms creatinine by action of methionine. Creatinine then flows in blood and absorbes by cells In cells it is converted into phosphate creatinine which is a high energy storage molecule. After degradation of phosphate creatinine, creatinine is formed as waste product & filtered mainly by kidney.

 small

cell-signaling protein molecules Secreted by glial cells and cells of immune system used in intercellular communication, initiates & regulates immune responses. For example- Interleukin-1, Interleukin-2.

 Interleukin-1

Produced by macrophages & monocytes. It is a glycoprotein in nature. Acts on wide range of cells. It acts on helper T cells and produce various more interleukins.

Interleukin-2

Produced by T cells after activation by IL-1. It helps in producing antigen specific T cells. It also helps in growth of B cells & NK Cells.

 Produced

by cell itself & surroundings. Main waste materials are urea, uric acid, nitrates, sulphates & phosphates. Living cells contain acid-base conjugates which acts as buffers