PREPARED BY ASWINI RAM II M.Sc.

, BIOTECHNOLOGY SREE NARAYANAGURU COLLEGECOIMBATORE

 INTRODUCTION
HISTORY

OF AD ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS MATERIAL BALANCE PRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS PARAMETERS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION CONCLUSION

 Anaerobic

digestion the process in which organic wastes converting into stable solid and biogas. digestion takes place naturally in oxygen depleted organic environments such as bogs, rice paddies, landfills and improperly aerated compost piles.

Anaerobic

 The

first waste water treatment was in 1890 in UK. In 1930 scientists identify that mechanism of gas production depended on anaerobic bacteria.

CHINESE FIXED DOME ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

 HYDROLYSIS/LIQUEFACTION. ACIDOGENESIS. ACETOGENESIS. METHANOGENESIS.

 Fermentative

bacteria convert insoluble complex organic matter into soluble molecules

Fatty acids. Monosaccharides. Amino acids. Purines + pyrimidines.

Lipids Polysaccharides Protein Nucleic acids

 Acidogenic

bacteria turn the products of hydrolysis into simple organic compounds. e.g. propionic acids, formic acids, lactic acids, butyric acids or succinic acids and alcohols. Product formed depends upon the type of bacteria, culture conditions like temperature and pH. C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2. C6H12O6 + 2H2 2CH3CH2COOH+2H2O.

 Acetogenesis

occurs through carbohydrate fermentation. Acetate is the main product along with carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Lipids hydrolysis long chain fatty acids oxidized acetate + H2. CH3CH2COO- +3H2O CH3COO-+ H++HCO3-+ 3H2 C6H12O6 + 2H2O 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2 CH3CH2OH + 2H2O CH3COO- + 2H 2 +H+ 2HCO3-+4H2+ H+ CH3COO- + 4H2O

 Methanogenesis

is the rate controlling process because it depends upon pH. Methanogenic bacteria convert soluble matter into methane. 2CH3CH2OH+ CO2 2CH3COOH + CH4 CH 3COOH CH4 + CO2 CH3OH + H2 CH4 + H2O CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O CH3COO- + SO42- + H+ 2HCO3 + H2S CH 3COO- + NO- + H2O + H+ 2HCO3-+ NH4+

MATERIAL BALANCE

1) 2)

BIOGAS DIGESTATE

 Composition
a) b)
c)

Methane = 55%-70% by volume CO2 = 30%-45% by volume

H2S = 200-4000ppm by volume

FUEL EQUIVALENTS OF BIOGAS: Gasoline = 61L Electricity = 170KWh Heat = 250KWh Charcoal = 90Kg

Biogas holder with lightning protection rods and back-

 Thick

sludge that leaves the chamber with a moisture content of about 80%. Normally dewatered to 50-70% and remaining water is collected. Digestate coupled with unpleasant smell. This putrescible waste is then processed by continuous air flow treatment then it is passed through a biofilter. Quality depends on feed stock and digestion process. Soluble organics are degraded in the digester.

Acidogenic anaerobic digestate

1. 2. 3.

SINGLE STAGE PROCESS MULTI STAGE PROCESS BATCH PROCESS

SINGLE STAGE PROCESS One reactor for both Acidogenic phase as well as Methanogenic phase. Depending upon the total solid content in a reactor, two types are there 1.Single stage low solids (SSLS) process 2.Single stage high solids (SSHS) process MULTISTAGE PROCESS Digestion by separate reactors. Two reactors are used 1.First reactor hydrolysis/ liquefaction, acidogenesis, acetogenesis. 2.Second reactor Methanogenesis

Two types
1.Multistage low solid process 2.Multistage high solids process BATCH REACTORS

I.
II. III. IV. V. VI.

CAPACITY ORIENTATION FEED STOCK PRETREATMENT BATCH AND CONTINUOUS DIGESTERS SOLIDS CONTENT MIXING

CAPACITY
Capacity of a digester depends upon the availability of feed stock. 700 m3-5000m3 size. Larger capacities accommodated by multiple chambers because incomplete mixing occurs when an individual chamber gets too large.

 Two

types:

Vertical tanks: Predominately gravity driven forcing the material to flow generally downward. Horizontal tanks: The direction of settling is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Require greater space and take less input to mix.

 Selected

based on the characteristics of the incoming waste Mechanical pretreatment reduces the size and solid content of entering waste, increasing the amount of soluble organics. shredding, pulping, crushing or otherwise reducing the size of the waste gives bacteria access to a greater surface area, reducing retention time. Diluting waste with water allows the bacteria to move freely inside the digester.

 TWO

GENERAL MODELS:

Batch process: Substrate put inside the reactor and sealed for the complete retention time. Continuous process: Fresh material continuously enters the tank and an equal amount of digested material is removed.

 Digestion

practised in 2 broad categories of solid content:

Dry digestion: With typical dry solids content of 25-30%. Wet digestion: With a dry solids content of less than 15%.

 Systems

provide with interior walls in a cylindrical chamber that require greater distance travelled for the waste, thereby increasing mixing.

A. B. C. D. E.

pH TEMPERATURE CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO(C/N) TOTAL SOLID CONTENT(TS)/ORGANIC LOADING RATE(OLR) RETENTION TIME / RESIDENCE

 Methanogens

are sensitive to acid content. Optimum pH value for anaerobic digestion lies between 5.5 and 8.5. Acidification reduces the pH, can be controlled by the addition of lime. At Methanogenesis stage pH is 7.2 to 8.2

temperature ranges:

Mesophilic range Optimum is 30-35 degree Celsius Thermophilic range 50-65 degree Celsius Higher temperature in Thermophilic range reduce the required retention time.

 Optimum High

C/N ratios lies between 20-30.

C/N ratio indicates rapid consumption of nitrogen by Methanogens and results lower gas production. C/N ratio causes NH3 accumulation and pH exceeds 8.5 which is toxic to Methanogenic bacteria.

Lower

 Measure

of biological conversion capacity of AD system. Feeding the system above its sustainable OLR results low biogas yield due to the accumulation of inhibiting substances such as fatty acids in the digester slurry.

 Varies

with technologies, process temperature and waste composition Mesophilic digester range from 10 to 40 days Thermophilic digester 14 days is sufficient.

Photograph of anaerobic digesters at the Lbeck Waste Treatment Facility a mechanical biological treatment plant.

Two-stage, lowsolids, UASB digestion component of a mechanical biological treatment system near Tel Aviv, process water is seen in balance tank and sequencing batch reactor, 2005

Anaerobic lagoon & generators at the Cal Poly Dairy, United States 2003

 Use

of AD technology expanded appreciably in the last decade of 20th century Between 1996 and 2000 the number of AD plants increased 2 to 7 per year. AD plants will be very attractive for utilities to earn green house gas reduction credits. Best practical environmental option will be deriving energy from waste.

QUERIES??