Importance of carbon compounds

Foods [starch, sugar, fats, vitamins, proteins] Fuels [wood, coal, alcohol, petrol] Household and commercial articles [paper, soap, cosmetics, oils, paints] Textile fabrics [cotton, wool, silk, linen, rayon, nylon] Drugs and disinfectants [penicillin, quinine, aspirin, sulpha drugs] Poisons [opium, strychnine] Perfumes [vanillin, camphor] Explosives [nitroglycerine, dynamite, picric acid, TNT] Dyes [indigo, congo red, malachite green] War gases [mustard gas, chloropicrin, lewisite]

Organic Chemistry
Study of Carbon Compounds The word organic means Living origin
It was believed that carbon compounds can be prepared by living things only
This theory is known as Vital Force Theory

In 1828 Friedrich Wohler blown up this theory by preparing Urea(purely organic) by heating Ammonium Cyanate NH4CNO (purely inorganic)

Why study of Carbon Compounds is a separate branch of Chemistry?

It is due to the vastness in the number of Carbon Compounds
Carbon with other elements such as H,N,O,F Cl,Br,I, S forms more than 5million compounds The other elements altogether forms about 70,000 compounds only

Reason for the vastness in number of carbon compounds

1. Bonding in carbon compounds 2. Catenation 3. Isomerism

Bonding in carbon compoundsCovalent bonding

In order to get a stable configuration of a noble gas, carbon cannot
Carbon cannot loose 4 electron

Loosing 4 electrons require a large amount of energy

Carbon cannot gain 4 electron

It is not possible for the nucleus of 6 protons to hold 10 electrons

So carbon shares its valence electrons with other elements

Covalent bond

A bond formed between two atoms by the sharing of electrons between them Each atom donate an electron for sharing

Other examples of Covalent Bonding

Carbon atom can form multiple covalent bonds

If sufficient number of other atoms are not there
In order to satisfy the four valences carbon form double or triple bond between two C atoms

ETHANE

ETHENE

Unsaturated Compounds

Compounds of carbon in which same carbon atoms satisfy more than one valency of carbon atoms Double bonded and triple bonded compounds

Catenation
Unique property of carbon atoms to bond with each other to form long chains of carbon of different size and shape

Isomerism
Compounds having same molecular formula but different structures are known as Isomers and this phenomenon is called Isomerism

Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only

Classification of Hydrocarbons
HYDROCARBO N OPEN CHAIN -ALLIPHATIC ALICYCLIC CLOSED CHAIN AROMATIC

SATURATED ALKANESSINGLE BONDED

UN SATURATED ALKENESDOUBLE BONDED ALKYNESTRIPLE BONDED

Nomenclature of open chain Hydrocarbons

According to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC)
The name consists of two parts

Indicating number of Carbon atoms-Alkpart Indicating the type of bonding-Primary suffix

Alk part
No. of C atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alk part Eth Meth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec

Primary Suffix

If all the bonds are single bond If one double bond If one triple bond

- ane - ene - yne

Thus Single bonded compounds have the nameAlk+ane =Alkane Double bonded compounds have the nameAlk+ene =Alkene Triple bonded compounds have the nameAlk+yne =Alkyne Example
No of carbon atom=4 alk part=but All the C-C bonds are single bond primary suffix=ane Therefore the name = butane

Functional Group
The atom or group of atom in an organic compound which contain a hetero atom which determines the functional properties of the compound Example

Nomenclature of compounds containing functional group

Homologous Series
A series of similarly constituted members Two successive members differ only by a -CH2- group(molecular mass difference 14u) All the members in the series can be represented by a general formula

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

Combustion-Burning in oxygen Gives oxides Exothermic-produces heat and also light Saturated compounds give a clean flame while unsaturated compounds give sooty flame

Oxidation

Oxidation Addition of oxygen Example

Addition Reactions
A molecule add to another molecule by breaking of bonds Unsaturated hydrocarbon add hydrogen in presence of catalyst such as Palladium or Nickel

This reaction is used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils

Substitution reactions
An atom or a group replaces another atom or group in a compound

ETHANOL-CH3CH2OH
Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature It is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks It is a good solvent-therefore it is used in medicines such as Tincture of Iodine , Cough syrups , Tonic

Reactions
With sodium-

Reaction to give unsaturated Hydrocarbonwith conc H2SO4 at 443K

Involve removal of water and is called Dehydration

Ethanoic acid -CH3COOH

Commonly known as Acetic acid 5-10%solution of acetic acid is called Vinegar Vinegar is a preservative for pickles Its melting point is 290K
It freezes in cold climate-therefore known as Glacial acetic acid

It is a weak acid

Reactions
Esterification Reaction with Alcohols
Esters which are fruit smelling substances are formed

Reaction with a base

Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates

SOAPS

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids

Arrangement of stearate ion at low concn

Arrangement of stearate ion above CMC

Cleansing Action of Soap

Oil and grease are absorbed into the hydrophobic centers of soap micelles and are washed away.