EE 202 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO

SEMICONDUCTOR

1.1 Understand the characteristic and electrical propetis of semiconductor.

1.1.1 Define a semiconductor and state the silicon and germanium are semiconductor material. 1.1.2 Explain the characteristic of Ntype and P-type.

WHAT IS SEMICONDUCTOR??

A solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator.

Do not gain/release electron valen easily from another atoms.

Contains 4 electron valens.

S em i c ond uctor m o stl y c reat e by u si ng S i l i c one (S i ) and G erm ani u m ( G e) m at er i al .

Type Of Semiconductor
1.

N-Type semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductors with a larger electron concentration than hole concentration are known as n-type semiconductor The phrase n-type comes from the negative charge of electron In n-type semiconductor majority carrier = electron holes minority carrier =

N-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with donor impurities.

N-type semiconductor occur when PURE semiconductor doped with PENTAVALENT ( 5 electron valens ) impurities The addition of pentavalent impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor Temperature condition lower temperature the minority carriers are free electrons room temperature there minority current carries. are some holes and known as

2. P-Type Semiconductor

P-type semiconductors electron concentration

have

larger

hole

concentration

than

To increase the number of holes, TRIVALENT ( 3 electron valens) impurities atoms are added All 3 of BORON atoms valence electrons are used in covalent bond and since 4 electron are required, a hole results when each trivalent atom is added Holes can be thought of as positive charges because the absence of an electron leaves a net positive charge on an atom In p-type semiconductor majority carrier = holes minority carrier = electron

Intrinsic semiconductor

Extrinsic semiconductor

an intrinsic semiconductor is called an UNDOPE semiconductor Its a PURE semiconductor without any significant dopant species present The number of charge carries is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities In intrinsic semiconductors the number of excited electrons and the number of holes are equal; n=p

an extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor that has been doped Doping involves adding dopant atoms to an intrinsic semiconductor, which changes the electron and hole carrier concentrations of the semiconductor at thermal equilibrium Dominant carrier concentrations in an extrinsic semiconductor classify it as either an n-type or p-type semiconductor

SIMILARITIES OF P-TYPE AND N-TYPE MATERIALS

1. Made from silicone( Si ) and germanium ( Ge ) 2. Produced from doping process 3. Having free electrons and holes as current carries