General Introduction to CDMA Mobile Communications

CDMA Business Department Shenzhen ZTE Corporation, China

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile Communication

Cell/sector
Frequency Reuse Handoff

Cell-splitting

Characteristics of Mobile Communication

Mobility flexible and convenientglobal personal communication Poor environment and conditions Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and time)shadow effect and delay, power change and other noise, Multiple MS and channels Interference near and far effect Limit of frequency resources Reliability is a must registration, handoff, switching, control

Evolution of Mobile Communications System

1946 First mobile phone system , 120 KHZ( AT&T): FM 60s IMTS 25-30KHZ Bell System): FM 1 G Analog Cellular/FDMA
AMPS (US, 800 MHZ/30KHZ/10 kbps) TACS (British, 900 MHZ/25 KHZ/8 kbps)

2 G digital cellular/TDMA
GSM, DAMPS, JDC IS-95 CDMA

3G IMT-2000 (International Mobile telecommunications) UTRA/W-CDMA (Japan, Europe) CDMA 2000 MC (US) UTRA TDD (Europe) and TD-SCDMA(China) UWC-136 (TDMA) DECT (TDMA)

Concepts: FDMA, TDMA & CDMA

FDMA CDMA

TDMA

Channel Structure For FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicated

FDMA
Power

pathway through a transmission medium for one user information Any of the dimensions of the transmitted signal can be segmented into private assigned channels for users. Here how the three most popular technologies establish channels: FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access each user on a different frequency a channel is a frequency TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access each user on a different window period in time slot a channel is a specific time slot on a specific frequency CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access each user uses the same frequency all the time, but mixed with different distinguishing code patterns a channel is a unique code pattern

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

Frequency Reuse and Large Capacity

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (1)

Cell Coverage

CDMA: varies with traffic load

No

load: 3 GSM coverage

20 channels/sector: 2 GSM coverage

GSM: coverage not affected by traffic load

Number of BTS

CDMA=20% GSM 1000 km2 coverage: CDMA 45 BTS, GSM 200 BTS

Capacity:

CDMA=5 GSM=10 AMPS

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (2)

Voice quality: vocoder

CDMA 8K> GSM 13K, CDMA 13K approaches 64K PCM CDMA : soft handoff, dropped calls CDMA : simple ( N=1), GSM: hard handoff, more

Handoff

Network Planning and Expansion

GSM: more complicated (N=4/7)

GSMN4 2 4 3 4 2 2

CDMAN1

1
4 2

3 2

4 1 3

1
4

1
4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Technical Features of CDMA

Spread Spectrum

Ensures high transmission and voice quality, security Short PN, long PN and Wash codes are used for coding Code Division:Improve frequency reuse and guarantee large capacity Seamless communication without call dropping High communication quality Ensure optimum power level with least interference to other channels, reducing Near and Far Effect and thus increasing capacity Low radiation and longer battery usage time Achieve signal gain and avoid Multi-path Effect Lower transmitting power and low speed

Multiple Access

Soft Handoff

Power Control

Diversity Receiver (Rake Receiver)

Voice Activation

Voice Coding

Spread Spectrum-Basis for CDMA Technology

Definition:
Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth.

Theoretic Basis: Shannons Law

C=Blog2(1+S/N) C: Channel Capacity B: bandwidth S/N: signal to noise ratio Conclusion: When C is a fixed value, S/N is a reciprocal ratio of B

Another techniques for Spread Spectrum:

DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum Principles

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Slow Information Sent
TX

Narrowband Signal

Slow Information Recovered

RX

Traditional radio communication systems transmit data

using the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a narrowband signal, e.g. FDMA and TDMA systems.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued) SHANON Formula C = Blog2(1+S/N)

Where, C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Wideband Signal Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

Direct-Sequence

Spread spectrum systems mix their input data with a fast spreading sequence and transmit a wideband signal The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original data

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

Processing Gain For SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Gp=10log (B/Bm)
Where, Gp is processing gain, dB B is spreading signal bandwidth, Hz Bm is original signal bandwith, Hz E.g., it is 21 dB for IS-95A CDMA system. The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional to the bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal The gain can be used to increase system performance and range, or allow multiple coded users, or both

Basic Spreading & DeSpreading Example User Data Spread, Sent, Recovered
At Originating Site:

Input A: User Data

Input A: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal

1
Input B: Spreading Code

XOR
Exclusive-OR

Gate

Spread Spectrum Signal

At Destination Site: air interface via

Input A: Received spread spectrum signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second just as originally sent

Input A: Received Signal

Input B: Spreading Code

XOR
Exclusive-OR Gate

Output: User Original Data

Spread Spectrum 1
Antenna Antenna

Source Coding

Channel Coding SS

Carrier Modulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Demodulation

Channel Decoding

Source Decoding

Transmit
DS-PN

Receive
DS-PN

Source Decoding

Channel Decoding

Carrier Demodulation

Radio Channel

Carrier Modulation

Channel Coding SS

Source Coding

DS-PN

Receive

Transmit

DS-PN

Spread Spectrum (2)

Sf Signal Signal
f0 Sf

Signal Frequency Before SS

f0

Signal Frequency after SS

Sf

Sf

Noise Signal f Signal Frequency Before Decoding

f0

Signal Noise
f0

f Signal Frequency After Decoding

Signal

Pulse Noise

Other Noise

Spread Spectrum (3)- Spreading Codes

Spreading Code Rate: 1.2288Mc/s Multi-path separation,(delay:1--100s) Delay<1 s , rate>1 MHZ Multiples of base band rate 9.6 kbps
Spreading Codes Forward : Walsh code Reverse: Long PN Codes (242-1)

Spread Spectrum (4)

Advantages: Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multi-path effects

SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed and filtered

Security: difficult to detect

Privacy: Difficult to demodulate Multiple Access:

Improve Frequency Reuse

Enlarge Capacity

CDMA Spreading Principle Single spreading sequence are reversible

ORIGINATING SITE
Spread Data Stream Input Data Recovered Data

DESTINATION

Spreading Sequence

Spreading Sequence

Any data bitstream can be combined with a spreading sequence

The resulting signal can be de-spreading and the data stream recovered if the original spreading sequence is available and properly timed After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale

CDMA Spreading Principle (Continued) Multiple successive sequence are reversible

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A
Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B

DESTINATION
X+A

Input Data

Recovered Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

A B C C B A Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then reapplied in opposite order, to recover the original data stream the spreading sequences can have different desired properties All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper synchronization at the recovering destination Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or to scale

Code Division Multiple Access (1)

Orthogonal Walsh function

Forward link: Spreading and building of coded channels Reverse link: orthogonal modulation of MS signal

Long PN Code ( cycle length: 242 1)

Forward link: identification of MS Reverse link: Spreading and user MS identification

Forward and Reverse link: both for orthogonal QPSK modulation, with different phase for different BS and identical phase for different MS (0 offset)

Short PN Code (cycle length: 215-1)

Code Division Multiple Access (2)

Division of Channels

Forward Link

Pilot: continuous transmission, for synchronization and handoff, no message Synchronization : for the mobile to capture initial timing or synchronization when initializing Paging Channel: for the transmission of system message and paging message, registration and traffic channel assignment Forward Traffic Channel: transmission of voice, data and related signalling

Reverse Link

Access : used for initiating communication with BS and responding to paging message ( 1 Paging channel corresponds to up to32 access ) Reverse Traffic: for transmission of user and signalling information during call establishment.

Code Division Multiple Access (3)

Forward CDMA Channels

Pilot

Sync.

Paging

Paging

Traffic

Traffic Traffic

W0 W32 W1

W7 W8

W62 W63
User traffic MS power control Sub-channel

Reverse CDMA Channels

Access

Access

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

CDMA Spreading Code Walsh Code

64Sequences, each 64 chips long Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

WALSH CODES
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Hn Hn

H2n

___

Hn Hn

0 1 1 0

Unique Properties: Mutual Orthogonality

EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 #59 Sum 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1, 32 0: Orthogonal!!

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Long Code

( GE N E R A T E D I N T A P - S UMME D S H I F T R E G I S T E R )
1100011000

+ =

Long Code State

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

P E RMU T E D E S N S UM

Public Long Code Mask (STATIC) User Long Code (@1.2288 MCPS) 0
one chip at a time

Modulo-2 Addition

Every Users Long Code is 242 chips long Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit ESN, an Operator-Definable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long code state expressed as a 42-bit binary number Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different to permit reliable decoding on the reverse link

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Short Code

The PN Sequence is 32,768(215) 32,768 chips long 26.666 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

chips long a two-dimensional binary sector with distinct I and Q component sequences, each 32,768 chips long The PN Sequence (and any sequence) correlates with itself perfectly if compared at a timing offset of 0 chips The Short PN Sequence is special: Orthogonal compared with itself using any possible timing offset other than 0

I Q Unique Properties:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I Q I Q Total Correlation: All bits = 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

I Q I Q Orthogonal: 16,384 1 + 16,384 0

CDMA Spreading Code(Continued) Summary of Characteristics & Functions

Type of Sequence HowMany Length
Special Properties

Forward Link Function

User identity within logic channel

Reverse Link Function

Walsh Code

64

64 chips 1/19,200 sec.

Mutually Orthogonal

Modulation

Short Code

32,768 chips 26-2/3 mS 75x in 2 sec.

Orthogonal with itself at any time shift value

Distinguish Cells & Sectors

Quadrature Spreading (Zero offset)

Long Code

242 chips ~40 days

near-orthogonal if shifted

Data Scrambling to distinguish users

Distinguish users, allow recovery

Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specific purpose on the forward link and a different purpose on the reverse link The sequences are used to form code channels for users in both directions

Cell

Forward CDMA channel modulation process

User data from Convolutional Encoder and 19.2kbps BS in 9600bps 4800bps 2400bps Repetition interleaver 1200bps r=1/2,K=9 Data scrambling
MUX
Power contrl bit

Walsh code

4
Long code for user Long code generator

I
Base band Filter

Q
Base band Filter

Decimator 1.2288Mcps

Decimator 800Hz

I-channel Pilot PN Sequence Q- channel Pilot PN Sequence

Reverse IS-95 channel modulation for a single user

Long Code Mask for user Long Code Generator

IQ :Zero-offset Pilot Sequence

PN chip 1.2288Mcps

Information Conver 64-ary Bit lutional Block Ortho9600bps Encoder and Code Inter- Code gonal Walsh Symbol leaver Symbol 4800bps Repetition Modulator chip 28.8kbps 2400bps r=1/3 K=9 307.2 1200bps kcps

Data Burst Randomizer

PN chip

I-channel
Baseband Filter

I(t)

Q(t)

Baseband Filter

Q-channel

1/2 PN chip Delay=406.9ns

What is mask ?
Access channel long code mask: 41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0

110001111

ACN

PCN

BASE_ID

PILOT_PN

ACN:number of access channel;PCN:number of paging ch BASE_ID, PILOT_PN. Public long code mask: 41 1100011000 32 31 Permuted ESN 0

Different approaches to bandwidth problem

FDMA TDMA

CDMA

Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 x BTS

BTS

PN OFFSET 116

BTS BTS

PN OFFSET 372

ANALOG Walsh 41 SUM Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 55 Walsh 60

PN 372 x
PN OFFSET 226 x PN OFFSET 511

WALSH 19

Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with the Walsh code to establish a dedicated code channel Each Users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling All user code signals are then analog-summed to produce one composite waveform The composite waveform is the combined with the PN sequence using a specific offset to uniquely identify this cell sector

Functions of the CDMA Forward channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs SYNC: WALSH CODE 32 This carries a data stream of system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7 There can be from one to seven paging channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise

Walsh 41
Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 55

Walsh 60

Analog Summing for Multiple Access

Input Bits #1 #2 Spreading Analog Summing Power Output Bits De-Spreading Integration #1 #2
X

A+0

User A User B

User A Walsh 0
User B Walsh 1 User C Walsh 2 User D Walsh 3

B+1 C+2 D+3

Walsh 0
X

Walsh 1
X

User C

In CDMA, this is the air

interface

Walsh 2
X

User D

Walsh 3

This simplified demonstration shows analog summing using only four abbreviated
Walsh codes, each 4 bits long. Four users are talking. Each user signal is XORed with their assigned Walsh code, and the results are analog-summed and sent over a single medium, much like in CDMA. At the other end, the Walsh codes are applied to recover each user data.

Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

User Long Code
BTS

BSC MSC

Each mobile is uniquely identified by an offset of the User Long Code, which it generates internally All mobiles transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile and successfully extract its signal Mobiles also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channelidentifying purposes Short PN Sequence is used to achieve phase modulation Walsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery at the BTS

Functions of the CDMA Reverse channels

ACCESS: It is used by mobiles not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signalling information an access channel is defined by a special public long code mask Access channels are paired with Paging Channels. There can be up to 32 access channels per paging channel TRAFFIC:It is used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS a traffic channel is defined by a specific User Long Code there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as there are CDMA phones in the world

BTS

911

REG

Technical Advantages of CDMA Technology

For the Telecom Service Provider

High Efficiency of Frequency Utilization Large Capacity Network Simple Frequency Planning Compatible with Analog Mobile Network Smooth migration to 3G

For the Subscriber

Crystal-clear Voice Quality Good Anti-jamming Inter system soft handoff reduces call dropping Low radiation and Long Standby time (long battery duration) Reliable Security

Development of CDMA Technology

CDMA One : core technology IS95 :

IS 95A: only 1 spreading code for 1 traffic channel, 14.4 Kbps 1980, First field test by Qualcomm 1990, first version of CDMA UM interface standard by Qualcomm 1995, N-CDMA standard IS-95A by TIA IS 95B : max. 8 codes for 1 traffic channel (one user for high-speed packet data service enhanced Air interface, hardware compatible with IS-95A 64 kbps dual way data service , CDMA 2000-1X: 144 kbps CDMA 2000-3X: 2 Mbps (CDMA 2000-1X-EV)

CDMA 2000 :144K/384K/2M bps

Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation Communications System)

Dynamics of 3G

Background

Higher demand of QoS

Seamless internal roaming, wideband, flexible Large capacity, frequency resource usage

IMT-2000

Naming
commercial use expected in 2002 First phase frequency band around 2 G HZ.

Requirements
QoS: voice/coverage, transmission/delay(BER<10 -3 for voice/video, BER<10 6 for data; delay is variable with multi-media data services) New services and capabilities: wideband service(mobile laptop, medical applications, real-time map), flexible band allocation(low rate paging messagehigh rate video transmission, low delay requirement for voice while absolute integrity for document) Development and evolution: step by step evolution, investment protection Flexibility: MS (multi-mode/frequency support international roaming), self-adaptive control (adjustment of radio channel parameters for different environment) Mobility management: Personal communication, seamless roaming among different networks.

Dynamics of 3G

UIM

MT

RAN

CN

Other CN of IMT-2000 family

UIM: user identity module MT: mobile terminal RAN: radio access network CN: core network

Dynamics of 3G

RTT: Radio Transmission Technology Proposed standards: 10 (FDD: 8 , TDD 5)

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RTT Proposed J: W CDMA ETSI UTRA - UMTS WIMS W - CDMA WCDMA/NA Global CDMA II TD - SCDMA CDMA 2000 Global CDMA I UWC - 136 DP DECT Duplex FDD, TDD FDD, TDD FDD FDD FDD TDD FDD, TDD FDD FDD TDD Proposer Japan: ARIB Europe: ETSI US: TIA US: TIPI SK: TTA China: CATT US: TIA SK: TTA US: TIA Europe: ETSI

1. 2.

1 5 : similar to WCDMA, harmonization forms 3GPP WCDMA 7 8 similar to CDMA 2000, harmonization forms 3GPP2 CDMA 2000

3.

9 : UWC 136, based on IS 136 TDMA (D-AMPS)

Dynamics of 3G
Wireless Access Network

Various standards:
W-CDMA FDD, W-CDMA TDD(TD-SCDMA), CDMA2000 Multi-carrier, UWC-136 TDMA Widely accepted standards: CDMA 2000 W-CDMA UWC-136

Core Network

ANSI TIA/EIA-41 MAP GSM MAP

Comparison Between W-CDMA & CDMA 2000

Item Min. Band Width W-CDMA CDMA-2000

SS technique
Code chip rate Sync. Between BS Frame length Voice Coding Power Control Rate

Single Carrier DS
4.096Mcpsreduced to 3.84Mc Async, Sync. Can be selected 10ms Fixed rate 1600Hz

Multi-carrier Or DS
N1.2288Mcps Sync. (GPS) 20ms Variable rate 800Hz

Dynamics of 3 G

Wireless Access Standards Development from 2 G to 3 G 2.5 G 3G GSM

GSM-----GRPS and EDGE (up to 384 kbps)---W-CDMA (5 MHZ)

CDMA

IS 95A/B(14.4-64 kbps) cdma2000-1X (144 kbps) cdma2000-3X

cdma2000-1X-EV

TDMA (TIA-EIA-136)
IS-136+(TIA/EIA 136-A/B) TDMA/EDGE/GRPS(384kbps) IS137

IS136

Dynamics of 3 G

Consolidation of ITU IMT-2000Very complicated task

Technical difference:

SS, code chip rate, Sync. Mode, Pilot, core network(GSM-MAP and IS41) current market status of mobile communications, IPR, interest of service provider and manufacturers Initiated by ETSI and joined by ARIBTCCTITTA CN: GSM-MAP, RAN: UTRA Initiated by TIA/ANSI and joined by ARIB, TTC, TTA CN: ANSI/IS-41, RAN: cdma2000

Conflict of interest of various parties involved

3GPP1998-12

3GPP21999-1

Typical IS95A Network Structure of ZTE

Abis HLR/AUC

Um Abis

BSC

IS41D/E

A-ISO2 .x Abis
BSC MS

MSC/ VLR

PSTN/PLMN

Abis
BSC

Evolution from 2G System to 3G System

cdma2000-3x

IS-95A IS-95B

cdma2000-1x

1X-EV

HDR

CDMA Network Evolution of ZTE

IS95A Transition methods Cdma 2000 1X

Adopts IOS4.0 for A Interface

Data service rate Smooth evolution to 3G

144K 2M MSS evolves from current Circuit Switching mode to full IP mode

CDMA2000-1X Network Structure

HLR/AUC Abis E1 MSC/ VLR
2G BSC

PSTN/PLMN

Um IS95

2G BTS

Abis 2G BTS Um IS2000

2G/3G MS

BSM

ATM Abis
E1 STM-1 3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade 2G BSC+upgrade or 3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

Internet

Ethernet router router

Abis
E1 2G BSC+upgrade or STM-1 3G BSC/ PCF (1X) 3G BTS (1X) or 2G BTS+upgrade

PDSN

Ethernet
AAA server

HA

The end !