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Shade Sun
Why does the plant that grows in the shade (on the left) have larger leaves than the plant that grows in the sun (on the right)?
Cellular Energy
Chapter 8
Energy???
All living organisms require energy Consumers get energy from other organisms or producers Producers get energy from the sun
Autotrophs
Autotrophs include organisms that make their own food (aka producers) Autotrophs can capture the suns energy directly
Euglena
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Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that can NOT make their own food (aka consumers) Heterotrophs can NOT directly capture the suns energy
Energy
Energy takes many forms such as light, heat, electrical, chemical, mechanical Energy can be changed from one form to another Energy can be stored in chemical bonds & then released later
Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT
Adenosine Triphosphate Contains three, high-energy phosphate bonds Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate ATP releases energy (a free phosphate) and without the extra phosphate it is ADP
Importance of ATP
Principal compound used to provide energy in living organisms - Referred to as the
energy currency
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Release
Store
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Cells have enough ATP to last a few seconds ATP must constantly be made ATP transfers energy very well ATP is not very good at stored energy
More on ATP
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Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide
One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP
C6H12O6
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They make enough glucose to be used during the night and on cloudy days when they dont get enough sunlight. They make extra glucose that is stored in the plants leaves and other parts.
What is photosynthesis?
Making food from sunlight Chlorophyll (green pigment) makes photosynthesis possible Plants leaves contain chlorophyll
Investigating Photosynthesis
Many scientists have contributed to understanding photosynthesis
example of collaboration
Early research focused on the overall process Later researchers investigated the detailed chemical pathways
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As a plant grows, does the increase in mass of a plant come from the air? The soil? The water?
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Priestley (1771)
Burned candle in bell jar until it went out. Placed sprig of mint in bell jar for few days. Candle could be relit and burn. Concluded: Plants released substance (O2) necessary for burning.
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Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that traps light energy Chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts Plants get their green color from chlorophyll
CO2
Plants have tiny holes in the bottom of each leaf (called stomata) The tiny holes let air go in and out Plants use carbon dioxide Plants release oxygen
H 2O
Plants get water from the soil through their roots Veins in each leaf carry water throughout the plant Water is needed for the cells to carry on photosynthesis
Products of Photosynthesis
Glucose
stored chemical energy
Oxygen
needed for cellular respiration
Process that creates ATP
C6H12O6 +
GLUCOSE
6O2
Inside A Chloroplast
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400
500
600
700
Short wave
(more energy)
Long wave
(less energy)
violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
wavelength
Question:
In addition to chlorophyll, other pigments are present During fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduced because plants stop making them
Fall Colors
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Light-dependent Reactions
Light-dependent reactions
H2O molecules are split Produce O2, ATP, NADPH
NADP+ accepts electrons, which are carrying the
energy
Light-independent reactions
also known as the Calvin Cycle use NADPH and ATP created in thylakoid Take place in the stroma Use carbon from CO2 to create glucose
Photosynthesis