MAHARISHI ARVIND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

A Seminar on Summer Training Project

Presented By: SUMAN VERMA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone or mobile is a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites.
A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. Cells are base stations transmitting over small geographic areas. Each cell size varies depending on the landscape.

CELL CONCEPT
The cellular concept allows cells to be sized

according to the subscriber density and demand of a given area. Hence, as the population grows, cells can be added to accommodate that growth. Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in other cells. The channel is made of two frequencies, one for transmitting to the base station and one to receive information from the base station.

Network Architecture
OSS
HLR

(
PSTN ISDN

B T S B T S

BSC BSC

MSC VLR

A Interface
B T S

Data Networks

A-bis interface
MSC VLR
4

Air interface

CALL PROCESSING
The processing of a call involves the four

states: Initialization state.

Mobile Idle state. Access state.

Traffic channel state.

TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
Most transmission in the local exchange plant is

analog in nature. That is, the signal being transmitted varies continuously, both in frequency and in amplitude. There are various techniques involved in multiplexing: FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access

GSM Functions of Mobile Station

Voice and data transmission
Frequency and time synchronization Monitoring of power and signal quality of the

surrounding cells Provision of location updates even during inactive state Equalization of multi path distortions

GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation _ 200 kHz

Duplex Distance
No. of RF Carriers Access Method Modulation Method Transmission Rate

45 MHz
124 TDMA/FDMA GMSK 270.833 Kbps

Speech Coding

Full rate 13 Kbps Half rate 6.5 Kbps

 Advantages GSM is more stable network with robust features. Less signal deterioration inside buildings. Ability to use repeaters. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock. Disadvantages Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition. GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km.

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread-

spectrum multiple access technique. This means a large number of users share a common pool of radio channels with any user being able to get access to any channel. With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The codes are shared by both the mobile station (cellular phone) and the base station.

 Advantages When implemented in a cellular telephone system, CDMA technology offers numerous benefits to the cellular operator and their subscribers. Capacity increases. Improved call quality. Lower power transmitters. Improved quality on handoffs. Disadvantages CDMA systems require more complexity. The near-far effect is more significant in CDMA systems. Soft handoffs, though improving handoff quality, increases the infrastructure cost, network complexity.

Feature Technology

GSM

CDMA

Data Rate Modulation Frequency and Carrier Voice Quality Coverage

Digital Circuit Switched Digital Circuit Switched technology based on TDMA technology based on Spread Spectrum 9.6 ~ 14.4 kbps 9.6 ~ 14.4 kbps (IS-95A) , 115 kbps (IS-95B) GMSK 900 MHz or 1.9 GHz 200 KHz Good 35 km (max) QPSK , OQPSK 800 MHz or 1.9 GHz 1.25 MHz Good 100 km (max)

System Capacity Hand-off Battery Life of handset International roaming Handset Selection Major Countries World- wide Market Share

Good Hard Excellent

Excellent Soft Good

Excellent Wide choice Europe, India 72%

Limited Limited choice UK,USA 12%

Cellular Subscribers

75% (1.36 Billion)

14% (250 Million)

BROADBAND
The term broadband refers to a telecommunications

signal or device of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal or device. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the information-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
Applications In telecommunication In computer networks In video Internet access