02.

AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT

What is an ecosystem, and how can we study one? Is the earth an open or closed system with respect to energy and elements? How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and how are they important to ecosystems? What are the major controls on ecosystem function? What are the major factors responsible for the differences between ecosystems?

The concept of the agroecosystem is based on ecological principles

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Gen Sel

Organ

Organisme Populasi Komunitas

Mineral/materi

Sel Organ Sistem Sistem

Organisme Sistem

Populasi Sistem

Ekosistem

Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi

Organization of Life
Biosphere
Ecosystems

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities
Populations

Communities

Organisms

Populations

Organisms

Scales of Ecological Organization

INDIVIDU?POPULASI ? KOMUNITAS ?
C

INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Molecules Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organs systems

Autecology/Physiological ecology
Concerned :
how is a organism response the environmental factors? How is a individual organism tolerance to stresses in environment where it will live?

Organism

POPULATIONS
A population is a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area at the same time. Important characteristics:

Population size, density, and dispersion

Birth and death rates Growth rates Age structure Genetic Diversity

Characteristics of Populations
Population size, density, and dispersion 2. Birth and death rates 3. Growth rates 4. Age structure 5. Genetic Diversity
1.

POPULATIONS
Population ecology

Concerned : Important in determining the factors that control population size and growth

relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over time

Population Ecology
A population is a group of plants, animals, or other organisms, all of the same species, that live together and reproduce. The important of population ecology 1. Numbers of individuals in a population 2. Population dynamics: how and why those numbers increase or decrease over time 3. Population ecologists try to determine the processes common to all populations

Population Ecology in Action

Biologists in applied disciplines such as

Forestry
Agronomy (crop science) Wildlife management

Must manage populations of economic importance Prevent threatened or endangered species from extinction

COMMUNITIES
Communities an assemblage of populations of many species living together in the same location at the same time. The important thing :

1. Community structure and functioning

2. Community Biodiversity Number and types of species Relative abundance of species Interactions among species
3. Community Development Community resilience to disturbance Nutrient and energy flow

COMMUNITIES
Community ecology

Concerned : How the interactions of organism affect the distribution and abundance of the different species

ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystems are composed of all the communities and their physical, chemical, and biological processes.
Ecosystems sustain

themselves entirely through energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling.

665 000

670 000

675 000

PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU

Sido rej o

9140000

Example: In Watershed

ntas

Ka li Bra

KEL. PENC ALUKAN

Sumb erb ran ta s

DESA T ULUN G REJO

9140000

DESA SUM BERG O ND O DESA T OYO MAR TO

Ga be s Jun ggo

Te ga lsa ri Ge rdu Sele kta

9135000

9135000

Keke p Go nd ang

Paya n

Landuse: : Hutan Alami : Hutan Produksi : Hutan Reboisasi : Lahan Terbuka : Pemukiman : Perkebunan : Rumput : Sawah : Semak : Tegalan

DESA PUN TEN

Kung ku k Nge bru k Page rsa ri Page rgu nu ng Ta la ngs ari Prumb un g Pramb atan Ta la ngr ejo Cla ket Siko remb ug Kand an ga n Brau L eb ak DESA Kapr u Bumi aji Ge mbo l

Segu nd u

Rek esa n Kul on

DESA BULU KERTO

Seng on an Rek esa n Weta n

Punte n

Gi ntun g

Ge mul o Klir an

G UN UN G SAR I
Santri an To ng gol ari Can ga r Boro las ah

Brau Baru

DESA SI DO MU LYO DESA BUM IAJ I

Sumb ersa ri Tl og ore jo Ti nj omo yo Beru Bina ng un Sumb ere jo Bana ran

DESA SUM BEREJO

DESA PAND ANREJ O DESA G I RIPU RN O

Cem bo Kedu ng Sabr ang be nd o

Song go riti Klum usa n Kaja r

Boro gon da ng Las ah Sawa ha n

9130000

Plam bo yan Fl amb oya n Song go kerto Ta mbu h Dad ap an Pesa ntren Pesa ng grah an Nga gl ik Uta ra Nga gl ik Se lata n Kraj an Kali pu ti h Pand an

9130000

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Kraj an

DESA T AW AN G AR G O
Ngu di Leb an

DESA PAND ESAR I

DESA PASANG G RAH AN

Wun uca ri Sreb et Bara t Sreb et Ti mur

KEL. SO NG G O KERT O
Sreb et Ti mur

Nge mul

KEL. SI SIR

Dur ek Brak Ge ntin g Te mas

Medu ran

Nge mul

Medu ran

KEL. N G AG LI K
Kamp un gan yar Kamp un gan yar Batu

KEL. T EMAS
Ge ne nga n

Te mas Ba rat Besu l

Putuk

Kler ek Kali mal an g

Suko mul yo To yome rto To yoma rto Gl on ggo ng

Kamp un gteh Ngu di Kraj an

DESA T OR O NG REJ O
Go nd ore jo Oro -oro om bo Beji

DESA BEJI

Ngu kir

AR EAL KEHU TANAN DESA PEND EM

Kaja ng Pend em

DESA O RO -O R O OM BO
Tl eku ng

Rej oso

Nga nd at DESA MO J O REJ O

DESA J UNR EJO

Jed ing Jun rejo

DESA T LEKU NG
Dre sel

Dad ap tu s Utara DESA D liAD APREJO

Ga ng sira np utuk

9125000

9125000

2000
665 000

0
670 000

2000

4000 Meters
675 000

Components of Ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Water or moisture BIOTIC COMPONENTS Primary producers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores

Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores etc. etc. All of these vary over space/time

Biosphere
The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

Structural Properties of Communities

Species Diversity Dominance and Relative Abundance Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland, forest ) Trophic Structure Stability

Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Processes of Ecosystems
How ecosystems function: 1. Ecosystems have energy flows and ecosystems materials cycles. 2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles

1. Energy flows and materials cycles

Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles

Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

Biochemical cycles in ecosystem

1.

2. The carbon cycle

3. The phosphorus cycle

AGROECOSYSTEM

AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged ecosystem

Closed ecosystemall elements recycled through ecosystem

not often pure closed ecosystems anymorehumans frequently involved

Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed ecosystem:

Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors

(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem Will not continue on its own without management If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture without human input again

Characteristics
Productivity Species diversity

Agroecosystem
High Low (monoculture) can use crop rotation and intercropping to stabilize more Low Few Negative Synchronized

Natural Ecosystem Low High

Genetic diversity within species Plant life-cycles present Competition Flowering, plant maturing Nutrient Cycles Permanence Human Control Ecological Maturity

High All, more perennial Tolerable (ecological niche) Seasonal

Open Short High Early, immature

Closed Long Low Mature, climax

ENERGY FLOW

Figure 2.7

Functional components of an agroecosystem.

POPULATION REGULATING MECHANISM Plant Population Crop Populations Natural

(also true of weeds) Seed brought in by producer High seed viability Uniform seed dispersal Low dormancy, carryover of seed Uniform soils Uniform population age, genetics Even spacing within species High allocation of plant resources to reproduction (seed) Seed produced mostly by local plants Variable seed viability Non-uniform seed dispersal Possibility of dormancy, delayed germination (carryover) Variable soil types Diverse population age, genetics Variable spacing within species Allocation to seed production may be lower

NUTRIENT CYCLING

AGROECOSYSTEM

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Using the soil as a pool of nutrients: Inputs: Fertilizers Crop residues Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation Outputs: Crops then removal from area Erosion Leaching Run-off

Inputs: Plant residue Animal wastes Animal residue Atmosphere Nitrogen fixation Outputs: Plants animals grazing on plants Denitrification Run-off leaching

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ASSIGNMENT
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem . 2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di dalam komunitas tersebut 3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam komunitas tersebut