Chapter 6: Energy and Chemical Change

Brady and Senese 5th Ed. Chem 1110: Prof. Deora

Energy: Definition and Types

Energy is the ability to do work (move mass over a distance) or transfer heat Types: kinetic and potential

: the energy of motion : the stored energy in matter. E.g. _____________.

: the sum of the kinetic and potential energy for each particle in the system
6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 2

Potential Energy Depends on Position

Potential energy
E.g.: winding of a clock

1. can be converted to 2. depends on

of the object: E.g.: __________ ________________________ when:

3. P.E.

Objects that attract move apart, or Objects that repel move toward each other
6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 3

Emax

Emax

Ucompressed

Uequilibrium

Energy

Emin

Uextended

Stretching or squeezing of the spring . The P.E. of the system is the least at !

Kinetic Energy: The Energy of Motion

KE = 1 mv2 2
where: m = mass, v = velocity

Energy can be to another

from one moving particle

Collision of particles with particles causes the particle to speed up while the molecule to down .think billiards!
6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 5

What happens next???

Law of Conservation of Energy

First Law of Thermodynamics :

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

Interconversion of PE and KE

Think Yankees!! Jeter hits the ballthe ball goes up in the air.Hitting provides the initial Energy.

in P.E. as the ball goes up. Since Total Energy is the , K.E. __________
Does the mass change? Then what?? The ball stops in mid-air., point of Maximum Energy Then gravity comes into play..So K.E. P.E. . Home run! and

Heat and Temperature

Particles are always moving..hence possess ____________________! The of an object is proportional to the _____________of its particles, The higher the average K.E. the _________the temperature. ______or __________is energy transferred between objects caused by differences in their _________until they reach _______________.

What is Temperature?

Temperature (T) is ____________ to the ________ ______of all particle units: C, F, K

KEaverage= mvaverage2

At a high temperature, most molecules are moving at _________________

6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules

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Which of the following is not a form of kinetic energy?

A.
B. C.

D.
E.

A pencil rolls across a desk A pencil is sharpened A pencil is heated All are forms of kinetic energy None are forms of kinetic energy

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work

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Units of Energy

SI unit is the Joule, J

J = kgm/s2 If the calculated value is greater than 1000 J, use the kJ

Another unit is the calorie, cal

cal = 4.184 J (exact)

Nutritional unit is the Calorie (note capital C), which is one kilocalorie

1 Cal = 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

6.1 An object has energy if it is capable of doing work 12

Internal Energy is Conserved

From the 1st Law of Thermodynamics: For an isolated system the internal energy (E) _________: E = Ef - Ei = 0 E = Eproduct - Ereactant = 0

We ______ measure the internal energy of anything, so we measure the ______________

E is a State Function
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules 13

State Function

A property whose value depends only on the ______ _______________, not on the ______ or ______ used to arrive at that state Position is a State Function: both train and car travel to the same locations although their paths vary The actual distance traveled does vary with path
New York

Los Angeles
6.2 Internal energy is the total energy of an objects molecules 14

Heat Transfer is a State Function

Transfer of heat during a reaction is a _____ _________. The route taken to arrive at the products ________affect the ____________ that is___________. The number of steps ________ affect the _______________ that is ___________.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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Heat Capacity and Transfer

Heat capacity (C) - the (extensive) ability of an

object with constant mass to absorb heat.

Calorimeter constant Varies with the __________ and the _________ of the substance Units: J C-1
q= C= t =
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 16

q = C t

Heat Transfer, q

Heat Transfer (q) - the transfer of energy from

Units: J, cal, kgm2/s2

A calorie is the amount of energy needed A metal spoon at 25 C is placed in boiling water. What happens?
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 17

Surroundings / System / Universe

_______- the reaction or area under study ___________- the rest of the universe

_____________- can gain or lose mass and energy across their boundaries. E.g. ____________- can absorb or release energy, but not mass, across their boundaries. E.g. ______________- cannot exchange matter or energy with their surroundings. E.g.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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The Sign Convention

_________________ require energy to be added to the system, thus the q is (+) _________________ release energy to the surroundings. Their q is (-) Energy changes are measured from the point of view of the system

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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A cast iron skillet is moved from a hot oven to a sink full of water. Which of the following is not true?
A.
B. C.

D.

E.

The water heats The skillet cools The heat transfer for the skillet has a (-) sign The heat transfer for the skillet is the same as the heat transfer for the water None of these are untrue

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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A cup of water is used in an experiment. Its heat capacity is known to be 720 J C-1. How much heat will it absorb if the temperature changed from 19.2 C to 23.5 C?
q = C t q= q=

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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Heat Transfer and Specific Heat

Specific heat (s) - The intensive ability of a

substance to store heat.

C=ms Units: J g-1 C-1 or J g-1 K-1 or J mol-1 K-1 q = heat transferred m = mass of object t = change in temperature (tfinal - tinitial)
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

q = m t s

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Specific Heats

Substances with high specific heats resist temperature changes Note that water has a very high specific heat

Substance
Carbon (graphite) Copper

Specific Heat J g-1 C-1 (25 C) 0.711 0.387

Ethyl alcohol
Gold Granite Iron Lead Olive oil Silver Water (liquid)

2.45
0.129 0.803 0.4498 0.128 2.0 0.235 4.18
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This is why coastal temperatures are different from inland temperatures.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

Calculate the specific heat of a metal if it takes 235 J to raise the temperature of a 32.91 g sample by 2.53 C.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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The First Law of Thermodynamics Explains Heat Transfer

If we monitor the heat transfers (q) of all materials involved and all work processes, _____________________________________ By monitoring the surroundings, we can predict ______________________________ Heat transfers until thermal equilibrium is achieved, thus the final temperature is ______ _____________________
6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes 25

A 43.29 g sample of solid is transferred from boiling water (t = 99.8 C) to 152 g water at 22.5 C in a coffee cup. The twater rose to 24.3 C. Calculate the specific heat of the solid.

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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What is the heat capacity of the container if 100. g of water (s = 4.184 J g-1 C-1) at 100. C are added to 100. g of water at 25 C in the container and the final temperature is 61 C?
A. B. C. D. E.

870 J/C 35 J/C -35 J/C -870 J/C None of these

6.3 Heat can be determined by measuring temperature changes

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Chemical Potential Energy

___________: net attractive forces that bind atomic nuclei and electrons together ________________form stronger bonds in the product than in the reactant and release energy _________________ break stronger bonds in the reactant and require energy

6.4 Energy is absorbed or released during most chemical reactions

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