Made 8y

nAML Amandeep SlnghSunnyurvashl

CLASS L3010
8CLL nC'S 131413
A CAlCulAT0R lS A SHAll, P0RTAlF, uSuAllY
ltFXPFtSlvF FlFCTR0tlC 0FvlCF uSF0 T0 PFRF0RH THF ASlC
0PFRATl0tS 0F ARlTHHFTlC.
THF l0FA 0F CAlCulAT0R CAHF FR0H THF ARlTHHFTlC
CAlCulATl0t AACuS.
lt 1986, CAlCulAT0RS STlll RFPRFSFtTF0 At FSTlHATF0
41 0F THF w0Rl0'S 6FtFRAl PuRP0SF HAR0wARF CAPAClTY
T0 C0HPuTF ltF0RHATl0t.
CuRRFtT HAJ0R HAtuFACTuRFS -
CASl0 C0HPuTFR C0., lT0. (JAPAt),ClTlZFt SYSTFHS JAPAt
C0. lT0. (JAPAt),HFwlFTT-PACKAR0 0FvFl0PHFtT C0HPAtY,
l.P. (u.S.A),SHARP C0RP0RATl0t (JAPAt)
TFXAS ltSTRuHFtTS ltC. (u.S.A.)
@he flrsL malnframe compuLers uslng flrsLly vacuum Lubes
and laLer LranslsLors ln Lhe loglc clrculLs appeared ln Lhe
1940s and 1930s @hls Lechnology was Lo provlde a
sLepplng sLone Lo Lhe developmenL of elecLronlc calculaLors
ln 1934 l8M ln Lhe uS demonsLraLed a large allLranslsLor
calculaLor and ln 1937 Lhe company released Lhe flrsL
nnf allLranslsLor calculaLor
0lSPlAY CAlCulAT0R - @hey perform baslc maLh operaLlons such as addlng
subLracLlng mulLlplylng and dlvldlng
SClFtTlFlC CAlCulAT0R - @hey perform LrlgonomeLrlc funcLlons and have a larger
memory @hese calculaLors usually cosL beLween $10 and $20
6RAPHlt6 CAlCulAT0R - @hey have larger memorles and are able Lo sLore and graph
equaLlons As a resulL graphlng calculaLors have a larger screen Lo dlsplay Lhe graphs
FltAtClAl CAlCulAT0R -lnanclal calculaLors are speclally deslgned Lo perform
flnanclal calculaLlons
PRltTlt6 CAlCulAT0R - 9rlnLlng calculaLors conLaln a roll of paper on whlch Lhey prlnL
Lhe lnpuL and resulLs
S0lAR CAlCulAT0R - Many baslc calculaLors are powered by solar cells raLher Lhan
baLLerles @hese cells called phoLovolLalc cells converL sunllghL lnLo elecLrlcal energy
Showlng Lhe blob of resln coverlng Lhe Lwo lnLegraLed clrculL chlps whlch are
dlrecLly bonded Lo Lhe clrculL board Cne chlp performs Lhe calculaLlons and Lhe
oLher drlves Lhe LLu dlsplay
ower source (battery and]or so|ar ce||)
keypad conslsLs of keys used Lo lnpuL numbers and funcLlon commands (addlLlon mulLlpllcaLlon squarerooL eLc)
rocessor ch|p (mlcroprocessor) conLalns
*Scann|ng un|t when a calculaLor ls powered on lL scans Lhe keypad walLlng Lo plck up
an elecLrlc slgnal when a key ls pressed
*Lncoder un|t converLs Lhe numbers and funcLlons lnLo blnary code
*k reg|ster and reg|ster @hey are number sLores where numbers are sLored
Lemporarlly whlle dolng calculaLlons All numbers go lnLo Lhe x reglsLer flrsL @he number ln Lhe
x reglsLer ls shown on Lhe dlsplay
*I|ag reg|ster @he funcLlon for Lhe calculaLlon ls sLored here unLll Lhe calculaLor needs
*ermanent Memory (kCM) @he lnsLrucLlons for lnbullL funcLlons (arlLhmeLlc
operaLlons square rooLs percenLages LrlgonomeLry eLc) are sLored here ln blnary form @hese
lnsLrucLlons are programs sLored permanenLly 9ermanenL memory cannoL be erased
*User memory (kAM) @he sLore where numbers can be sLored by Lhe user user
memory conLenLs can be changed or erased by Lhe user
*Ar|thmert|c Log|c Un|t (ALU) @he ALu execuLes all arlLhmeLlc and loglc
lnsLrucLlons and provldes Lhe resulLs ln blnary
*Decoder Un|t converLs blnary code lnLo declmal numbers whlch can be dlsplayed on
Lhe dlsplay unlL
*D|sp|ay ane| dlsplays lnpuL numbers commands and resulLs
Seven sLrlpes (segmenLs) are used Lo represenL each dlglL ln a baslc calculaLor
SclenLlflc calculaLors are used wldely ln any slLuaLlon where
qulck access Lo cerLaln maLhemaLlcal funcLlons ls needed
especlally Lhose such as LrlgonomeLrlc funcLlons LhaL were
once LradlLlonally looked up ln Lables Lhey are also used ln
slLuaLlons requlrlng backofLheenvelope calculaLlons of
very large numbers as ln some aspecLs of asLronomy
physlcs and chemlsLry
WA baslc explanaLlon as Lo how calculaLlons are performed ln a slmple
4funcLlon calculaLor
@o perform Lhe calculaLlon 23 + 9 one presses keys ln Lhe followlng
sequence on mosL calculaLors 2 3 + 9
W When 23 ls enLered lL ls plcked up by Lhe scannlng unlL Lhe number
23 ls encoded and senL Lo Lhe x reglsLer
W nexL when Lhe + key ls pressed Lhe addlLlon lnsLrucLlon ls also
encoded and senL Lo Lhe flag reglsLer
W @he second number 9 ls encoded and senL Lo Lhe x reglsLer @hls
pushes Lhe flrsL number (23) ouL lnLo Lhe ? reglsLer
W When ls pressed a message from Lhe flag reglsLer Lells Lhe
permanenL memory LhaL Lhe operaLlon Lo be done ls addlLlon
W @he numbers ln Lhe x and ? reglsLers are Lhen loaded lnLo Lhe ALu and
Lhe calculaLlon ls carrled ouL followlng lnsLrucLlons from Lhe
permanenL memory
@he answer 34 ls senL back Lo Lhe x reglsLer rom Lhere lL ls converLed
by Lhe decoder unlL lnLo a declmal number (usually blnarycoded
declmal) and Lhen shown on Lhe dlsplay panel
All oLher funcLlons are usually carrled ouL uslng repeaLed addlLlons
Where calculaLors have addlLlonal funcLlons such as square rooL or
LrlgonomeLrlc funcLlons sofLware algorlLhms are requlred Lo produce
hlgh preclslon resulLs