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Basic Concept of Storage Hard Disk Drive Technology RAID Controllers and Levels Fabric Technology FC Topologies Nodes and Ports Storage Infrastructure Components Classes of Services Fabric Protocols Thank you
Hard Disk Invented : September 13, 1956 Invented by : Reynold Johnson Connects to: Motherboard via one of PATA, SATA, SCSI, SAS, FC External enclosure via one of USB 1.1/ 2 , FireWire 400/ 800 Interface: IDE, USB, SCSI, FC Seagate, IBM, Maxtor, Capacity: 20- 180 GB Data Transfer Rate: over 100MB/s
Platter
A round magnetic plate that is used to write data to and read data from.
Seek
Moving the heads from one track to another, often measured in time.
Disk Performance
There are 5 primary factors that affect the overall performance of a disc drive. Rotation speed Speed of the I/O Technology implemented Seek time Latency Speed and size of the disc drive buffer memory Data Transfer Time
Typical Applications
Notebooks, desktop PCs, and workstations(Parallel IDE/ATA) Now replacing ATA/IDE in notebooks & Workstations. Also being used in some Enterprise arrays, JBODs and backup systems(Serial ATA (SATA)) Servers, high-end workstations, and early RAID
Parallel SCSI
Serial SCSI
FC-AL IBM SSA
Hard Disk Controller A device that controls the transfer of data from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa. ATA Controller, SATA Controller SCSI Controller, FC Controller, SAS Controller eSATA Controller RAID Controller A RAID controller is a device which manages the physical storage units in a RAID system and presents them to the computer as logical units. Software RAID Hardware RAID
RAID Levels
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAID 0 Data striping without parity RAID 1 Disk mirroring (Mirrored Volumes) RAID 2 Bit Level Striping with Dedicated Parity RAID 3 Byte Level Striping with Dedicated Parity RAID 4 (Block Level) Concurrent access, dedicated parity drive RAID 5 Concurrent access, distributed parity RAID 6 Double striped to support 2 drive failures RAID 1+0 Disk mirroring and data striping without parity RAID 0 + 1Stripe of Mirrors
7 10
RAID 0
RAID 1 RAID 10 RAID01 RAID 4 RAID 5
What is a Fabric
Switch or group of connected switches Routes traffic between attached devices Domain ID
Unique switch identifier
Application File System
Host
O/S
SWITCH
Login Service Name Service
Switch Services
Login Service assigns ID to nodes at login Name Service stores node information
Fabric
Disk
Array
FC Topology
Node Node Node Node
Point-to-Point
Node
Node
Node
Node
Arbitrated Loop
Switched Fabric
Storage Net
Cables and connectors Gigabit Link Model (GLM) Gigabit Interface Converters (GBIC) Adapters Hubs Routers Bridges Gateways Switches Directors
HBA
A Host Bus Adapter is a card that connects data peripherals and server host buses like PCI. A software device driver for each model of HBA is required by the operating system. Types: FC and GigE QLogic, Emulex, McData
VERITAS (VxFS)
Modern, optimized for SAN, multiple platforms
SGI (XFS)
Scalable for very large file systems and files
Windows NT (NTFS5)
Large installed base, familiar, supports dynamic reconfiguration and fault recovery
DAFS
New NAS/SAN file system designed for data sharing
Transmitter Transmiter
Port 1
Port 0 Receiver
A World Wide Name, or WWN, is a 64-bit address used in fibre channel networks to uniquely identify each element in a Fibre Channel network. A fixed 64-bit World Wide Node name assigned by the manufacturer. A Node is a fibre channel device A port is a Fibre Channel access point
Node Port
Fabric Port
Extension Port
Fabric Switch
OSI Layers
CIFS NFS DAFS ... SCSI IP HiPPI ...
Other protocols, like SCSI, are responsible for the upper layers
Fibre Channel
Data link
Physical
Ethernet
Media Characteristics
Optical cables
Speed: 1, 2, 4, or 10 Gb/s Distance: Multimode up to 500m Single-mode up to 10Km Up to 120Km with CWDM GBICS
Electrical cables
HSSDC
18
19
ST
Duplex SC
20
Generally used with SFPs for 2Gb links About half the size of SC duplex connectors Provide greater density
LC Optical SFP Transceiver
LC
Transceivers (GBICs)
Gigabit Interface Converters Hot-pluggable transceivers Form factor pioneered by Compaq, SUN, and Vixel
SFPs/SFFs
Small Form-factor Pluggable/Fixed Used with 2Gb components Same architecture as GBICs Allow higher port density SFF is same form factor, but fixed and not pluggable
SFP
Classes of Service
Characteristics Use Specialized applications; not widely
Class 1 Connection-oriented
Confirmed delivery
Class 2 Frame-switched
Confirmed delivery
used
Clustering, OLTP Controlled
Class 3 Frame-switched
No delivery confirmation
environments;
streaming audio/video Specialized applications; not widely
supported Confirmed delivery Multiple classes of service can co-exist within a fabric. Specialized applications; not widely
Point to point:
Simple: 000000 or 000001
FC-AL:
Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA) 8 bits = 127 addresses per loop 126 for nodes + 1 for FL_Port
Switched fabric:
Fibre Channel Port ID (FCID) 24 bits = 16 million potential addresses per fabric
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Load-balancing:
Path selectionper-LUN Dynamic traffic leveling
Administration:
Intelligent path selection Dynamic configuration Centralized configuration
Login Server
Responsible for assigning port addresses for all devices on the fabric Ports send a login frame (FLOGI) to this server when they come online Login Server responds by assigning a port address (FC_ID) Fabric Login Port Login Process Login Fabric Protocols
IP Storage Comparison
FCIP
Protocol architecture Tunnels FC frames over IP networks (single name space) SAN-to-SAN SAN extension
iFCP
Transports FC frames over IP networks (NAT and proxy) SAN-to-SAN and device-to-device SAN extension
iSCSI
Transports serial SCSI-3 via TCP/IP
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ISL
Yottabyte
Zettabyte
Exabyte
Petabyte Terabyte Gigabyte Megabyte
250
240 230 220
1,048,576
"Given good conditions(!), downloading a 1 yottabyte file over a 28.8 Kbps connection would take about 140 billion years."
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