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Agenda

Basic Concept of Storage Hard Disk Drive Technology RAID Controllers and Levels Fabric Technology FC Topologies Nodes and Ports Storage Infrastructure Components Classes of Services Fabric Protocols Thank you

Hard Disk Invented : September 13, 1956 Invented by : Reynold Johnson Connects to: Motherboard via one of PATA, SATA, SCSI, SAS, FC External enclosure via one of USB 1.1/ 2 , FireWire 400/ 800 Interface: IDE, USB, SCSI, FC Seagate, IBM, Maxtor, Capacity: 20- 180 GB Data Transfer Rate: over 100MB/s

Platter

Disk Drives Basics

A round magnetic plate that is used to write data to and read data from.

Seek
Moving the heads from one track to another, often measured in time.

Disk Performance

There are 5 primary factors that affect the overall performance of a disc drive. Rotation speed Speed of the I/O Technology implemented Seek time Latency Speed and size of the disc drive buffer memory Data Transfer Time

Disc Drive Interfaces


Interface
ATA (IDE) SATA

Typical Applications
Notebooks, desktop PCs, and workstations(Parallel IDE/ATA) Now replacing ATA/IDE in notebooks & Workstations. Also being used in some Enterprise arrays, JBODs and backup systems(Serial ATA (SATA)) Servers, high-end workstations, and early RAID

Parallel SCSI

Serial SCSI
FC-AL IBM SSA

Servers, workstations, and Enterprise arrays(Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)


High-end Enterprise arrays and JBOD High-end proprietary IBM Systems

Hard Disk Controller A device that controls the transfer of data from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa. ATA Controller, SATA Controller SCSI Controller, FC Controller, SAS Controller eSATA Controller RAID Controller A RAID controller is a device which manages the physical storage units in a RAID system and presents them to the computer as logical units. Software RAID Hardware RAID

RAID Levels
Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RAID 0 Data striping without parity RAID 1 Disk mirroring (Mirrored Volumes) RAID 2 Bit Level Striping with Dedicated Parity RAID 3 Byte Level Striping with Dedicated Parity RAID 4 (Block Level) Concurrent access, dedicated parity drive RAID 5 Concurrent access, distributed parity RAID 6 Double striped to support 2 drive failures RAID 1+0 Disk mirroring and data striping without parity RAID 0 + 1Stripe of Mirrors
7 10

A comparison of the RAID levels


The selection of the internal physical hard disks; The I/O technique used for the communication within the disk subsystem; The use of several I/O channels; The realization of the RAID controller; The size of the cache; and The cache algorithms themselves.
RAID level Faulttolerance none high very high High high high Read Write Space performance performance requirement good very good minimal poor very good poor good good poor good poor very very poor poor high high minimal low low

RAID 0
RAID 1 RAID 10 RAID01 RAID 4 RAID 5

What is a Fabric
Switch or group of connected switches Routes traffic between attached devices Domain ID
Unique switch identifier
Application File System

Host

O/S

SWITCH
Login Service Name Service

Switch Services
Login Service assigns ID to nodes at login Name Service stores node information

Fabric

Disk

Array

What is Fibre Channel

FC Topology
Node Node Node Node

Point-to-Point
Node
Node

Node Node Node Node

Node

Node Node Node Node Node

Node

Arbitrated Loop

Switched Fabric

Storage Net

Storage Infrastructure Components g


Components

Cables and connectors Gigabit Link Model (GLM) Gigabit Interface Converters (GBIC) Adapters Hubs Routers Bridges Gateways Switches Directors

HBA
A Host Bus Adapter is a card that connects data peripherals and server host buses like PCI. A software device driver for each model of HBA is required by the operating system. Types: FC and GigE QLogic, Emulex, McData

Storage Networking Components HBA

Common File Systems


UNIX (UFS)
Stable, familiar, available on multiple platforms

VERITAS (VxFS)
Modern, optimized for SAN, multiple platforms

SGI (XFS)
Scalable for very large file systems and files

Windows NT (NTFS5)
Large installed base, familiar, supports dynamic reconfiguration and fault recovery

NFS and CIFS


UNIX file system designed for networked file sharing

DAFS
New NAS/SAN file system designed for data sharing

WWN, Nodes, Ports


Node Node
Port 0

Transmitter Transmiter
Port 1

Port 0 Receiver

A World Wide Name, or WWN, is a 64-bit address used in fibre channel networks to uniquely identify each element in a Fibre Channel network. A fixed 64-bit World Wide Node name assigned by the manufacturer. A Node is a fibre channel device A port is a Fibre Channel access point

A link is a unidirectional media pair

Fibre Channel Terminology

Node Port

Fabric Port

Extension Port

E_Port E_Port F_Port N_Port Node F_Port N_Port Node

Fabric Switch

Fibre Channel Layered Model


Fibre Channel fits in the lower three layers (approximately) of the OSI model:
Physical Data link Network

OSI Layers
CIFS NFS DAFS ... SCSI IP HiPPI ...

Other protocols, like SCSI, are responsible for the upper layers

Application Presentation Session Transport Network

HTTP FTP SNMP ...


TCP SPX ... IP IPX ...

Fibre Channel

Data link
Physical

Ethernet

Media Characteristics

Optical cables
Speed: 1, 2, 4, or 10 Gb/s Distance: Multimode up to 500m Single-mode up to 10Km Up to 120Km with CWDM GBICS

Multimode optical, SC connector

Electrical cables
HSSDC

Speed: 1, 2, or 4 Gb/s Distance: up to 33m

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Fibre Optic Technology

Optical core Kevlar buffer

Multimode fiber (50, or 62.5 core)


2.5mm Jacket Fiber Fiber coating cladding

19

Single mode fiber (9 core)

Optical Connectors (1GB)


The SC connector is typically used for 1Gb optical cabling:

Follow-on to the ST connector


Both simplex and duplex (0.5 centerline) connectors are supported

ST
Duplex SC
20

SC Optical GBIC Transceiver

2Gb/4Gb Optical Connectors


Lucent Connector (LC):

Generally used with SFPs for 2Gb links About half the size of SC duplex connectors Provide greater density
LC Optical SFP Transceiver

LC

LC Optical SFF Board-Mount Transceiver

Transceivers (GBICs)
Gigabit Interface Converters Hot-pluggable transceivers Form factor pioneered by Compaq, SUN, and Vixel

Typically use a 20-position, SCA-2 copper connector (SC)


Provide media and connector conversion

SFPs/SFFs

Small Form-factor Pluggable/Fixed Used with 2Gb components Same architecture as GBICs Allow higher port density SFF is same form factor, but fixed and not pluggable

SFP

Classes of Service
Characteristics Use Specialized applications; not widely

Class 1 Connection-oriented
Confirmed delivery

Class 2 Frame-switched
Confirmed delivery

used
Clustering, OLTP Controlled

Class 3 Frame-switched

No delivery confirmation

Class 4 Fractional bandwidth virtual circuit Class 6


Confirmed delivery Multicast, connection-oriented

environments;
streaming audio/video Specialized applications; not widely

supported Confirmed delivery Multiple classes of service can co-exist within a fabric. Specialized applications; not widely

Fibre Channel Addressing

Point to point:
Simple: 000000 or 000001

FC-AL:
Arbitrated Loop Physical Address (AL_PA) 8 bits = 127 addresses per loop 126 for nodes + 1 for FL_Port

Switched fabric:
Fibre Channel Port ID (FCID) 24 bits = 16 million potential addresses per fabric

WWNNs and WWPNs


World-Wide Node Name (WWNN):
Uniquely identifies entire device (node) or May be unique per Port on each nodal device.

World-Wide Port Name (WWPN):


Uniquely identifies each port in that device Used to facilitate services such as routing and zoning
Example: Seagate Disk Drive
WWNN 20 0000203701EF25 WWPN A 21 0000203701EF25 WWPN B 22 0000203701EF25

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Multipathing Multipathing drivers provide three basic features: Failover:


Detection of link failure Automatic rerouting to alternate path Varying levels of transparency

Load-balancing:
Path selectionper-LUN Dynamic traffic leveling

Administration:
Intelligent path selection Dynamic configuration Centralized configuration

Login Server

Responsible for assigning port addresses for all devices on the fabric Ports send a login frame (FLOGI) to this server when they come online Login Server responds by assigning a port address (FC_ID) Fabric Login Port Login Process Login Fabric Protocols

IP Storage Comparison

FCIP
Protocol architecture Tunnels FC frames over IP networks (single name space) SAN-to-SAN SAN extension

iFCP
Transports FC frames over IP networks (NAT and proxy) SAN-to-SAN and device-to-device SAN extension

iSCSI
Transports serial SCSI-3 via TCP/IP

Network architecture Primary application

Device-to-device Host-to-target connectivity

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Expanding Fabric Connectivity


Interswitch Links - ISL Switch to switch communication Transfer Host to Storage data Transfers fabric management traffic Number of Links Redundancy Bandwidth requirements Use ControlCenter, WLA, Connectrix Manager Refer to Support Matrix recommendations Distance Long-wave laser optics using singlemode Fiber Optic cables Short-wave laser optics using multimode cables

ISL

What are those numbers ?


1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1,125,899,906,842,624 1,099,511,627,776 1,073,741,824

280 270 260

Yottabyte
Zettabyte

Exabyte
Petabyte Terabyte Gigabyte Megabyte

250
240 230 220

1,048,576

"Given good conditions(!), downloading a 1 yottabyte file over a 28.8 Kbps connection would take about 140 billion years."

THANK YOU

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