Generators

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Outline
Generating a voltage sine wave Rectifying sine wave output Types of generators Magnetic amplifiers Developing 3 phase Oscilloscope

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Interest
Fixed car starter motor knowing basic motor theory from Navy. Future of magnetism Levitron.

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Interest
Generators at a Dam

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Generator Construction
Generator: Device that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy. Rotor: Armature: Revolving coils suspended in the case resting on bearings. Brushes: Made of soft carbon to remove the electricity from the slip rings and deliver it to the regulator. Slip rings (2): Interface between rotor and regulator. Commutators: Used to reverse electrical connections in DC generators
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Generator Construction

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Generator Construction
Field Pole from Generator at a dam

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Generator Losses
Copper Losses (I2R losses)
Losses due to resistance of windings.

Eddy Currents:
Heat produced in the iron core (energy loss) minimized by thin sections and laminations. N eddy currents

Hysteresis:
Molecular friction. Heat loss minimized by using silicon steel and annealing the armature core.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Left Hand Rule for Generators

Motion Flux Field

Current

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Induction
Three things to induce a voltage
1. A magnetic field. 2. A conductor: + = in _ = out 3. Relative motion between the field and the conductor.
Rotor movement Stator
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Stator

+ +

_ _ + +

_ _

00

900

1800

2700

3600

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Lenzs Law
Definition: The polarity of an induced electromagnetic force is such that it produces a current. The magnetic field of this current always opposes the change in the existing field. Simply stated: The field around the conductor is opposed by the existing field. Application: Water and steam supply the mechanical force to turn turbines in large power plants.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Formula
E = KN Given:
E=induced voltage K=constant for # of flux lines/volt=10-8 =magnetic flux lines N=speed of the machine (RPM)

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Power Supplies
Components and their function
Transformer - Receives the AC input from the distribution system and either steps up or down the voltage. Rectifier - Converts the AC input voltage from the transformer to a pulsating DC voltage. Filter - Smoothes out the DC pulsations or ripple received from the rectifier. Regulator - Receives a smoothed DC voltage from the Filter Stage and produces a steady DC voltage to be used by electronic circuitry.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Half - Wave Rectifier

1:1

CR1

VIN T1

R1

VOUT

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Half - Wave Rectifier Operation

Positive half-cycle the diode is Forward Bias (FB), negative half-cycle the diode is Reverse Bias (RB).

VDC = VPK X .318

Where: VDC = Average DC voltage

VPK = Peak input voltage

.318 = Constant

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Full - Wave Rectifier

CR1

1:1

VIN T1

R1

VOUT

CR2

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Full - Wave Rectifier Operation

Positive half-cycle, 1 diode is FB, negative half-cycle the other diode is FB.

VDC = VPK X .637

Where: VDC = Average DC voltage
VPK = Peak input voltage .637 = Constant

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

1:1
CR1 CR4 CR3 CR2

T1 R1

VIN
18

VOUT
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Full - Wave Bridge Rectifier Operation

Positive half-cycle, 1 diode is FB, negative half-cycle the other diode is FB.

VDC = VPK X .637

Where: VDC = Average DC voltage VPK = Peak input voltage

.637 = Constant

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Filters
A filter uses the characteristics of Inductors and Capacitors to smooth the pulsating DC waveform supplied by the Rectifier. Types
High Pass - A series RC filter whose output is taken from the resistor. Series / Parallel - A filter configuration which uses combinations of capacitors and inductors to smooth the voltage and current pulsations from the rectifier output.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Ideal filter characteristics

Rapid charge time constant for filter capacitors and inductors. Slow discharge time constant for filter capacitors and inductors.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Capacitor Filter Configuration

Capacitor Input Filter Schematic Diagram

C1 VIN RB VOUT

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Capacitor Filter Operation

Charge RC time constant is developed from the internal resistance of the rectifier diodes and the capacitance of the filter capacitor. The net result is that the low resistance of the rectifier diodes develop a rapid charge RC time constant. Discharge RC time constant is developed from the filter capacitor and the load resistance. Since the load resistance is rather large, the discharge RC time constant is somewhat long. RB is called the Bleeder Resistor because it provides a path for the filter capacitor(s) to discharge when power is removed from the circuit. RB has a very large resistance and usually draws <10% of normal operating current.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

LC Choke Filter Configuration

LC Choke Filter Schematic Diagram
L1 VIN VOUT RB

C1

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

LC Choke Filter Operation

Charge RC time constant is developed from the internal resistance of the rectifier diodes, the Low DC resistance of the inductor (L1), and the capacitance of the filter capacitor. The net result is that the low resistance of the rectifier diodes and inductor (L1) develop a rapid charge RC time constant. Discharge RC time constant is developed from the filter capacitor and the load resistance. Since the load resistance is rather large, the discharge RC time constant is somewhat long. The Inductor acts to smooth out the current pulsations produced by the rectifier and / or transformer stage of the power supply.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

RC PI Filter Configuration
RC PI Filter Schematic Diagram
Charge Path Discharge Path R1

VIN

C1

C2

VOUT
RB

VOUT(C1) 26

VOUT (C2)

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

RC PI Filter Operation
First Capacitor provides most of the filtering action. Second Capacitor Provides additional voltage filtering. Resistor limits current flow to the desired value and establishes the RC time constants for both filter capacitors.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

LC PI Filter Configuration
LC PI Filter Schematic Diagram
Charge Path Discharge Path

L1

VIN

C1

C2

RB

VOUT(C1) 28

VOUT (C2)

CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

LC PI Filter Operation
First Capacitor provides most of the filtering action. Second Capacitor Provides additional voltage filtering.

Inductor opposes changes in current flow to reduce current spikes and establishes the RC time constants for both filter capacitors.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Voltage Regulators
Series Regulator
Acts as a variable resistor in series with the load.

Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Schematic

R1
Vin Vout

CR1

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Voltage Regulator Operation

Vin R1 CR1

Vout

VIN

VOUT

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Transistor Voltage Regulators

Vin

Vout

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

OPAMP Voltage Regulators

Vin

Vout

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Voltage Regulation
E(no-load) E(full load) / E(full load) X 100 = % Regulation

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Questions
Q. You plugged your small boat at the Ala Wai Boat Harbor into 120 VAC shore power and turned on all loads on your boat that dropped voltage to 115 VAC, what is the % of voltage regulation? W.120-115/115(100) = 5/115(100) = A. 4.3%

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

DC vs. AC
Direct Current (DC): flows in only one direction through a conductor. Pulsating DC is rectified AC that is not adequately filtered. Alternating Current (AC): flows in alternating directions generating a sine wave.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Types of generators
Self Exited Generators: No separate source of voltage is used to excite the generator field winding.
1. Shunt Generator 2. Series Wound Generator 3. Compound Wound Generator

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Shunt Generator
Electrical Schematic:
Shunt Field

Output

Physical Construction:

Characteristic:
Constant voltage for varying load.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Series Generator
Electrical Schematic:
Series Field

Output

Physical Construction:

Characteristic:
Not a practical generator for varying load.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Compound Generator
Electrical Schematic:
G
Output Shunt Field Series Field

Physical Construction:

Characteristic: Best overall performance

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Sine Wave Phase Voltage

Schematic symbols
G
Phase A lags Phase B by 900 Phase C leads Phase B by 900 Phase A B C are out of phase.

Output waveform
Phase A Phase B Phase C ERMS=.707(peak) EAVG=.637(peak) Voltage + peak Time 2700

Rotor
60RPM 1CPS 1 Order
00

0
_

peak to peak

900

00

900

1800

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2700

3600
CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

1800

Paralleling Generators
Match voltages Match frequencies Shut breaker when SSS = 12 Secure 1 generator. Application: DG to TG at pd.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Troubleshooting Generators
Excessive brush wear Excessive bearing wear Electrical overload

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Magnetic Amplifiers 4 windings
Output, Gate, Load Winding: Voltage to load. Input, Control Winding: Input voltage. Bias Winding: Changes operating point. ORAL
Opposing Bias: Shifts toe point right. Aiding Bias: Shifts toe point left.

Feedback Winding: Changes curve shape. PUND

Positive Feedback: Shifts curve up. Negative Feedback: Shifts curve down.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers Curves

Magnetic Amplifiers Characteristic Curves
Ideal Curve

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers Curves

Magnetic Amplifiers Characteristic Curves
Curve with excessive hysteresis losses

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers Curves

Magnetic Amplifiers Bias Curves
Opposing Bias

Aiding Bias

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers Curves

Magnetic Amplifiers Feedback Curves
Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SSRA Full Wave

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA Full Wave

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Basic Schematic SRMA with Bias Winding

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Magnetic Amplifiers
Dot-coil method
No convention Dot-coil, dot-coil Dot-coil, coil-dot Signal same. Signal same. Signal inverted.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

SCPTs
Saturable Current Potential Transformers Windings
P1-P3: Potential Windings S1-S3: Secondary, Output, Load Windings: Shunt Field T1-T3: Current, Input Windings: Primary Windings L1-L3: Linear Reactors: Used with no load.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Wye- Delta Line & Phase Voltage

Wye(Star)- Delta Balanced Circuit

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Wye Line & Phase Voltage

Wye(Star) Circuit: E-Line = E-phase/ 3

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Delta Line & Phase Voltage

Delta Circuit: E-phase = E-Line

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Oscilloscope

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Basic Oscilloscope Info

Displays waveforms on a CRT. Voltage measurement
Volts/div Probes: 1X and 10X (attenuator probe)

Time period and frequency Calibration: Calibrate before using. Focus: Used to make wave sharper. Intensity: Controls brightness of the light beam striking the front of the screen. Additional features: Data acquisition & transfer for PC.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Oscilloscope Front

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Oscilloscope Block Diagram

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Portable Oscilloscope

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Oscilloscope Waveforms

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Signal Generator
Used to simulate a signal to be viewed on an oscilloscope for circuit card testing.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Summary Questions
Q7) What test device equipment is used to determine if a magnetic amplifier is working properly? A7) Oscilloscope with octopus or Huntron Tracker

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Lessons Learned
Any oil while inspecting the regulator is from capacitors & should be investigated to prevent damaging the static exciter components. A Simpson multi-meter can provide troubleshooting indications that a Fluke cannot suck as polarity spikes. Carbon deposits should be cleaned using an eraser on all variable resistors for a proper generator regulator grooming annually.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

More Lessons Learned

A proper closeout of machinery and regulators cannot be stressed enough. (i.e. fires, damage etc.) Dropped fasteners should be recovered from rotating machinery using a magnetic imager. (i.e. prevents rotor damage) When troubleshooting grounds remember the possibility of the melamine plastic spacers insulating the regulator framing.
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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics

Conclusion
Q. What is a use for an oscilloscope? A. Waveform analysis for troubleshooting circuit cards.

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CENT-112 Fundamentals of Electricity and Electronics