CHE315

Velocity Profile (eqn.)for Newtonian

Fluids flowing inside a pipe
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
2.9 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE INSIDE A PIPE
Ax
Ar
P|
x
P|
x+Ax
R
x
r
Incompressible Newtonian fluid
Let us consider the
following simplifications:
One dimensional flow Laminar flow
Fully developed flow (no entrance effect and velocity is independent from x)
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
2.9 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE INSIDE A PIPE
Fully developed flow (no entrance effect and velocity is
independent from x)
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
Net momentum efflux = rate of momentum out - rate of momentum in
The pressure forces = ( ) ( )
x x x x x x
r r p r r p pA pA
A + A +
A A = t t 2 2
( ) ( )
r
rx
r r
rx
x r x r A A =
A +
t t t t 2 2
Ax
Ar
P|
x
P|
x+Ax
R
x
r
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
So:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x x r
rx
r r
rx
r r p r r p x r x r
A + A +
A A = A A t t t t t t 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
x
p p r
r
r r
x x x r
rx
r r
rx
A

=
A

A + A +
t t

( )
r
dx
dp
dr
r d
rx
=
t
Mechanical Energy Balance
( )
r
L
p
dr
r d
rx
A
=
t
CHE315
( )
r
L
p
dr
r d
rx
A
=
t

( ) rdr
L
p
r d
rx
A
= t

C r
L
p
r
rx
+
A
=
2
2
t

r
C
r
L
p
rx
+
A
=
2
t
If the momentum flux cannot be infinite at r =
0, Then C must be zero:
( )
r
L
p p
r
L
p
L
rx
2 2
0

=
A
= t
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
The shear stress profile
Newtonian fluids:
dr
dv
x
rx
t =
Equating the two equations:
( )
r
L
p p
dr
dv
L x
rx
2
0

= = t
Integrating and using
the boundary
condition v
x
(r=R) =
0:
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
0
1
4 R
r
R
L
p p
v
L
x

( )
r
L
p p
r
L
p
L
rx
2 2
0

=
A
= t
Mechanical Energy Balance
CHE315
This result means that the
momentum flux varies linearly
with the radius
( )
r
L
p p
r
L
p
L
rx
2 2
0

=
A
= t
v
x
= 0 v
max
Parabolic
velocity profile
Momentum flux
profile
t
rx
= 0
t
rx max
x
r
This result means that the velocity
distribution is parabolic
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
0
1
4 R
r
R
L
p p
v
L
x

Mechanical Energy Balance

CHE315
Using the definition of the average velocity:
We obtain in this case, the
Hagen-Poiseuille equation:
}}
=
A
av
vdA
A
v
1
( )
( ) ( )
2
0
2
0
32 8
D
L
p p
R
L
p p
v
L L
av
x


=

=
( )
( )
2
0
max
4
R
L
p p
v
L
x

=
( )
( )
2
max
x
av
x
v
v =

Mechanical Energy Balance

CHE315
( )
( )
2
0
8
R
L
p p
v
L
av
x

=
( )
( )
2
0
max
4
R
L
p p
v
L
x

=
( )
( )
2
max
x
av
x
v
v =
Mechanical Energy Balance
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
0
1
4 R
r
R
L
p p
v
L
x

CHE315
3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
3.5 Non-Newtonian
fluids
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

Shear
Rate
Newtonian fluids are
fluids which follow Newtons
law:
t

=
CHE315
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

Shear
Rate
Non-Newtonian fluids do not
follow Newtonian law.
Therefore, For non-Newtonian
fluids, the plot of the shear stress
vs. shear rate is not linear through
the origin.
3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
CHE315
Linear BUT does not go through the
origin.
A finite shear stress (yield stress)
is needed to initiate flow.
Examples :tooth paste, soap and
chocolate mixtures.
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
dr
dv
x
rx
t t
0
3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
CHE315
( ) 1 <
|
.
|

\
|
= n
dr
dv
K
n
t
K: consistency index And
n: flow behavior index
3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
CHE315
3. Dilatant fluids.
Less common than pseudoplastic
fluids. Examples are starch in water.
Their apparent viscosities increase
with increasing shear rate.
( ) 1 >
|
.
|

\
|
= n
dr
dv
K
n
t
3.5 Non-Newtonian fluids
CHE31
5
Task:
Study with your group
the following:
Bingham Fluids
Pseudoplastic Fluids
Dilatant Fluids
Hint Questions:
1. Which mathematical model can
represent each type of fluids
2. What is the relation between
shear rate and viscosity for each
type? Compare with Newtonian
fluids.
3. Can you write one general model
for all types of fluids ? Try!!
4. What is the value of n for each
type of fluids?
Group Study
3.5 Non-Newtonian
fluids
CHE315
1
= =
=
n
n
K
K

Viscosity of Non-Newtonian
Q.: What is shear thinning and
shear thickening?
CHE315
2 2 2
Re,
1
1
8
3 1
8
4
n n n n n n
gen
n n
n
D V D V D V
N
K
n
K
n

' ' ' '

'

= = =
'
+
| |
|
\ .
the generalized Reynolds number is defined
as:
=
Quiz: What if n = 1?
CHE315
LAMINAR FLOW OF POWER LAW FLUID
n
n
z
r
KL
p
dr
dv
1
1
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
rz
r
L
p t 2 = A
n
z
rz
dr
dv
K
|
.
|

\
|
= t
Power Law Model:
Hagen Poiseuille Eq.:
Combined
dr
dv
z
rz
t =
Newtons Law:
r
L
p
dr
dv
z
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
2
1
CHE315
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
+ +
n
n
n
n
n
z
r R
n
n
KL
p
v
1 1
1
1 2
1
( )
( ) n n
n
L
av
x
R
KL
p p
n
n
v
/ 1
0
/ 1
0
2 1 3
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
CHE315
( ) n n
n
L
x
R
KL
p p
n
n
v
/ 1
0
/ 1
0
max
2 1
+
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
( )
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
+ n n
x x
R
r
v v
/ 1
max
1
Quiz: What if n = 1?
Models for Generalized Newtonian Fluids
The Carreau-Yasuda model





The power-law model


n < 1, shear-thinning (pesudoplastic) fluids
n = 1 and m = , Newtonian fluids
n > 1, shear-thickening (dilatant) fluids
( ) | |
( )
parameter ess dimensionl : exponent, law - power : time, relaxation :
rate shear : osity, shear visc - infinite : osity, shear visc - zero : , viscosity :
1
0
/ 1
0
a n
a n
a

q q q

q q
q q

+ =

1
=
n
m q
V.1 Models for Generalized Newtonian Fluids
The Eyring model



The Bingham model



Other empirical q functions in the generalized Newtonian fluid
model (see Table 4.5-1, p 228 in the textbook)
( ) theory. molecular a by obtained expression first the as equation w Eyring The
arcsinh
0
q


t q

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
( )
( ) 2 / : , stress yield :
/
0
0 0 0
0
=

> + =
s =
t t
t t t q
t t q

Retrieval of Fundamental Material Constants

Newtonian Power law
Zero-shear
viscosity, q
0

critical
/ 1 time, Relaxation =
Fig 3.3-1 (p 105) in the textbook
( )
o
q q

=
0
Polymer Rheology CHEE 490
22.25
Pseudoplastic Fluids: Flow Curve
shear , meaning that they exhibit pseudoplastic Polymer melts and solutions are
thinning behavior
Polymer Rheology CHEE 490
Pseudoplastic Fluids
This is a plot of the viscosity of various polystyrene samples at
183
o
C as a function of steady shear rate. Make note of the
Newtonian plateau at low shear rates, the clear evidence of shear
thinning behaviour, and the effect of molecular weight

a. M
n
= 242,000
b. M
n
= 217,000
c. M
n
= 179,000
d. M
n
= 48,500
Elastic and Viscoelastic Effects
Weissenberg Effect (Rod Climbing Effect)
does not flow outward when stirred at high speeds


27
Dr. Aldo Acevedo - ERC SOPS
Elastic and Viscoelastic Effects
Fluid Memory
Conserve their shape over time periods or seconds or
minutes
Elastic like rubber
Can bounce or partially retract
Example: clay (plasticina)
28
Dr. Aldo Acevedo - ERC SOPS
Elastic and Viscoelastic Effects
Viscoelastic fluids subjected to a stress deform
when the stress is removed, it does not instantly vanish
internal structure of material can sustain stress for some
time
this time is known as the relaxation time, varies with
materials
due to the internal stress, the fluid will deform on its own,
even when external stresses are removed
important for processing of polymer melts, casting, etc..
29
Dr. Aldo Acevedo - ERC SOPS
Elastic and Viscoelastic Effects Die
Swell
as a polymer exits a die, the diameter of liquid stream increases by
up to an order of magnitude

caused by relaxation of extended polymer coils, as stress is
reduced from high flow producing stresses present within the die to
low stresses, associated with the extruded stream moving through
ambient air


30
Dr. Aldo Acevedo - ERC SOPS