PROTECTION OF INDUCTION MOTOR

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Prateek Singhal

Electrical & Electronics Dept.

SUBMITED BY:
Devendra Singh(0806421021) Dhirendra Singh(0806421022) Divyanshu Singh (0806421023) Diwakar Dubey (0806421024)

HCST Mathura

CONTENTS:
Introduction.
Abnormal Operating Condition. Protection Requirements.

Protection of Low Voltage IM.

Protection of Large Motor. Overload Protection of IM. Protection Against Unbalance. Protection Against Single-phasing. Phase Reversal Relay.

CONTENTS:
Phase to Phase Fault Protection.
Stator to Earth-fault Protection. Fault in Rotor Winding.

Reference .

INTRODUCTION
The type of protection used for a particular motor depends upon the switchgear used for its control. Basically two type of protection are provided for every motor, and these are Thermal Overload Protection. AND Short Circuit Protection. The switchgear used for motor control classified as following two category-

CONT....
Contactor starter with HRC fuse and thermal over

current relay. Circuit breaker and associated protective relays. Contactor and fuse are used for motor up to approximately 150kw.Whereas for large motor circuit breakers are used.

ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

The abnormal conditions can be classified as follow Mechanical Overload.(CAUSES)
a) Sustained overloads b) Stalling c) Prolonged starting or locked rotor

Abnormal Supply Conditions.(CAUSES) a) Loss of Supply Voltage b) Unbalanced supply Voltage c) Phase Sequence reversal of Supply Voltage

CONT....
d) e) f)

Over Voltage Under Voltage Under frequency

Fault in Starting Supply/Circuit.(CAUSES) a) Interruption in Phases b) Blowing of fuse/Single Phasing c) Short Circuit in Supply Cable Internal Fault in Motor itself. (CAUSES) a) Phase to Phase Fault b) Phase to Earth Fault c) Failure to Phase (open circuit) d) Mechanical Failure

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
The cost of protective system of motor should be within about 5% of motor cost. The choice of motor protection scheme depend upon the followings: Size of motor , rated voltage , kW. Type: squirrel-cage OR wound rotor. Type of starter , switchgear and control gear. Cost of motor and driven equipment. Type of load , starting current , possible abnormal conditions , etc.

PROTECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE IM(BELOW 1000V AC)

The important point regarding this, are SCHEME OF STARTING CIRCUIT: This can be understand by the help of following fig.

CONT....
BIMETAL OVERLOAD DEVICE:

These are very popular. In case of 3-phase motor triple pole bimetal relays are generally employed. The bimetal strips are either heated by current flowing through them or by special heater coil through which motor current flow. Incase of bigger motors they are connected in secondary circuit of CTs. Bimetal strip can be self setting type or hand resetting type.

CONT....
While selecting the bimetal-overload devices for motor protection, the following aspect should be considered-----a)

b)
c) d)

e)

Characteristic of Relay, Characteristic of motor. Nature of loading. Type of Starting, Starting Current. Protection against overload. Protection against single phasing.

CONT....
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION BY HRC FUSES:

Fault current exceeding 10 times the rated current can be considered as short circuit current and these should be covered by Short Circuit Protecting Devices (SCPD). The SCPD may be in one of the following form------a) HRC Fuse

b) Short circuit release opening the circuit-breaker

c) Instantaneous high set overcurrent relay trips the CB

PROTECTION OF LARGE MOTOR

Large motors are provided with protection against following: 1. Fault in winding and associated circuit . 2. Reduction of loss of supply voltage. 3. Excessive overload. 4. Phase unbalance and Single phasing. 5. Phase reversal. 6. Switching overvoltage. 7. Surge.

CONT....
Type of relay available for motor protection:

Thermal protection only. 2. Thermal protection, Instantaneous overcurrent protection . 3. Thermal, Instantaneous Three phase Overcurrent, Instantaneous unbalance, single phasing. 4. Thermal, Instantaneous Three phase Overcurrent, Instantaneous unbalance, single phasing and instantaneous Earth fault.
1.

CONT....
In the protection of large IM all the relays are such that the time reduces with increase in current. Such type of protection can be understand by following fig---

OVERLOAD PROTECTION OF IM
The over load protective devices can be grouped as:
Those which respond to motor current. Those which respond to winding temperature.

The current sensing overload protecting devices can sense the following abnormal conditions--Overloads and undervoltage . 2. Single phasing. 3. Locked rotor , stalling.
1.

CONT....
4. Heavy starting.

Continuous overload. 6. Heavy breaking.

5.

And the following condition can be sensed only by embedded thermal device----Temperature rise due to various cause like,

Higher ambient temperature. Failure of cooling etc.

CONT....
The characteristic of IM heating and Replica Relay can be understand by following fig..

PROTECTION AGAINST UNBALANCE

The voltage supplied to three phase IM can be unbalanced due to any of the following reasons:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Single phase load on distribution service line. Blow out fuse in power factor correcting plant. Short circuit within or out side the motor. Phase failure by blown fuse.(single phasing).

Unbalanced voltage cause the flow of Negative Sequence current, this result as the heating the motor winding, which may reach above the safe limit.

CONT....
The unbalanced voltage protection based upon the following method:
Bimetallic relay arranged to trip faster for unbalanced current. 2. Single phase relay sensing overcurrent in heavily loaded phase. 3. Phase unbalanced relay.
1.

PROTECTION AGAINST SINGLE PHASING(PHASE FAILURE)

A 3-phase IM continuous to run even if one of the supply line is disconnected. This cause the unbalanced stator currents.The negative sequence component of the unbalanced current cause the heating of rotor and temperature rise. Single phasing is the extreme unbalanced for 3-phase motor. In this condition the current in the healthy phase increase by \/3 times. This increase the heating in motor winding.

CONT....
The connection of single-phasing preventer can be understand by following fig..

PHASE REVERSAL RELAY

Phase reversal occurs when supply connection are changed, this cause the running of the motor in wrong direction . In some application phase reversal is dangerous like Crane, Trams etc. Thats why we need phase reversal relay. The phase Reversal Relay based on electromagnetic principal comprises a disk motor driven by magnetic system actuated by secondaries of two line CTs or VTs.

PHASE TO PHASE FAULT PROTECTION

The phase to phase fault short circuit in stator winding cause burn-out of coil. Hence the motor should be disconnected from supply very quickly. Fast Overcurrent Relay are provided for phase to phase short circuit protection. Although it has some limitation. The working of Overcurrent Relay can be understand by: Starting characteristics of squirrelcage IM co-ordinated with Overcurrent Relay for

CONT....
phase fault. Which is as following

STATOR EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION

Earth-fault protection is set to disconnect the motor from supply as early as possible so that the damage to winding and lamination is minimum. Zero sequence current transformer (ZSCT) or core balance type protection is very convenient method of protection of motor from Earth Fault. The connection of Core Balance CT(ZSCT) for earth-fault protection can be understand

CONT....
by help of following fig..

FAULT IN ROTOR WINDING

In slip-ring IM , Rotor Fault is possible. This could be of following types: Inter-turn Fault. AND Ground or Earthing. PROTECTION----To avoid this the Neutral Point of Supply, should be Earthed at every Voltage level. Cascade failure of motor can occur if supply neutral is not Earthed.

REFERENCE
Switchgear Protection & Power System.

By: Sunil S. Rao

Wikipedia.

Power System Protection & Switchgear.

By: Badri Ram D N Vishwakarma

THANK YOU.