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Word Roots: aneu- = without cyto- = cell hemo- = blood mono- = one non- = not Nondisjunction an accident of mitosis or meiosis in which both members of a homologous chromosomes or both sister chromatids fail to move apart. trans- = across tri- = three soma- = body
dis- = separate
poly- = many re- = again com- = together bin- = two at a time
Rapid reproduction
Multiple offspring Controllable mating 4 Chromosome pairs 3 autosome pairs
Correlation between trait and chromosome Discriminate between autosomal and sexlinked inheritance Provided support for Mendelian inheritance
Recombinant
Genetic recombination Recombinant frequency 50% - unlinked Independent assortment < 50% - linked Non-independent assortment
Linkage Mapping
Alfred H. Sturtevant Genetic map
Sequence maps
Nucleotide sequences
Sex-linked Genes
X0 system XX female
X0 male
Z-W system ZW female
ZZ male
Haplo-diploid system Diploid female Haploid - male
Sexual Anatomy
Sexually amorphic embryo Hormones control physical outcomes Y-chromosome SRY gene
X-linked gene
Sex-linked Disorders
Duchenne Muscular Distrophy 1 in 3,500 males
X Inactivation
Barr Body Random for each cell Heterozygous carrier Some cells with disorder, others without XIST X-inactive specific transcript
Mary Lyon
Mosaic
Trisomic
Monosomic Nondisjunction Anaphase Zygote development Polyploidy
Triploidy
Tetraploidy Common in plants
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Syndrome
Diagnosis before birth Amniocentesis
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Mental retardation
Prone to: Leukemia Alzheimers
Kleinfelter Syndrome
XXY 1 in 2,000 Male Small testes Sterile
Breast enlargment
Normal intellegence
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Reduced IQ
Trisomy X
1 in 1,000 No distinguishing characteristics
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Death in infancy
Reciprocal translocation
9 and 22 Philadelphia chromosome
Genomic Imprinting
Gene expression Dependent on parent Occurs during gamete formation Transmitted to all body cells Consistent through generations Methylation Inactivation
Activation
Igf2
Extranuclear Genes
Maternal inheritance Mitochondria ETC and ATP synthase Mitochondrial myopathy Energy deprivation in muscles and nerves
Diabetes
Heart disease Plastids Variegation of leaves