11/13/2011 1

ANIMAL AND
LANSUASE
LEARNINS
Sroup
Diunu Rizu
kurmiIu Wuhyuni
Induh MuzduIifuh
ANIMAL AND
LANSUASE
LEARNINS
Sroup
Diunu Rizu
kurmiIu Wuhyuni
Induh MuzduIifuh
11 1he f|rst sc|ent|f|c Attempt w|th An
Crangutan
W 1he earllesLknown sclenLlflc aLLempL aL
Leachlng language Lo an ape was done by
lurness (1916) ln Lhe uSA who Leach an
oranguLan Lo speak
W 1he pro[ecL ended ln Lragedy when Lhe
anlmal dled whlle repeaLlng Lhe Lwo words
LhaL have learned Lo say papa and cup"
1 1each|ng Speech 1o Apes 1 1each|ng Speech 1o Apes
11/13/2011 2
W 1he research was done by W|nthrop and Lue||a ke||ogg
W 1he|r |dea was by g|v|ng the ch|mpanzee (Gua and
Dona|d) the same |nput and soc|a| |nteract|on as a human
ch||d
W Cn prob|em so|v|ng test and test of menta| ab|||ty the two
scored the same
W 1hen ke||ogg noted that Gua demonstrated an
except|ona| ab|||ty to |earn by |m|tat|on but that Dona|d
was more versat||e and cont|nuous |n h|s |earn|ng
W Gua was not g|ven the spec|f|c |anguage tra|n|ng
W Gua d|d not |earn to say any word even though the
words were repeated numerous t|mes
W Dona|d become f|uent |n spoken |anguage
W Cver the per|od of n|ne months dur|ng she was w|th h|s
fam||y Gua |earned to respond about 9S spoken words
phrases and sentences
12 Gua 1he Ch|mp ka|sed w|th a numan
S|b||ng
12 Gua 1he Ch|mp ka|sed w|th a numan
S|b||ng
11/13/2011 3
W 1he research was done by CaLhy and kelLh
Payes who ralsed a baby female chlmpanzee
from lnfancy Lhe named was vlkl
W vlkl LreaLed as a member of famlly
W vlkl was glven speclal speech Lralnlng ln
pronunclaLlon
W vlkl had only learned Lo uLLer four words
mama papa up and cup
W 1he dlscrepancy ln Lhe Lwo sLudles regardlng
Lhe degree of chlmp learnlng Cua learnlng so
much more Lhan vlkl lL can be lnfluenced by
Cua's slbllng uonald
13 V|k| Another Ch|mp ka|sed |n a
numan nouseho|d
13 V|k| Another Ch|mp ka|sed |n a
numan nouseho|d
11/13/2011 4
W Allen and 8eaLrlce Cardner began Lo Leach
slgn language Lo a baby chlmp LhaL called
Washoe
W Lhey aLLempL Lo Leach chlmps Lo speak
because Lhe chlmps do noL possess Lhe
necessary vocal apparaLus for human speech
W 1he Cardners glve Lhe lmpresslon LhaL Lhe
language of Lhe slgnlng ape and LhaL of Lhe
slgnlng chlld are very slmllar
2 1each|ng S|gn Language to the
Ch|mpanzee
2 1each|ng S|gn Language to the
Ch|mpanzee
21 Washoe the f|rst s|gn|ng
Ch|mp
21 Washoe the f|rst s|gn|ng
Ch|mp
11/13/2011 3
W AnoLher research was conducLed by 8oger and
uebby louLs
W 1he louLs' prlmary lnLeresL ls ln looklng aL how
language may or may noL develop ln Lhe soclal
conLexL of such a communlLy
W Cne parLlcular lnLeresL of Lhelr was Washoe's
adopLed son Loulls who Lhey say learned slgns
from Washoe
22 Lou||s Son of Washoe
and a Commun|ty of
S|gn|ng Ch|mps
22 Lou||s Son of Washoe
and a Commun|ty of
S|gn|ng Ch|mps
11/13/2011 6
W 1errace a psychologlsL enLhuslasL of chlmps belng able Lo
learn slgn language wlLh a chlmp named nlm Chlmpsky
W 1errace concluded LhaL nlm knowlng LhaL he had Lo make
slgns ln order Lo geL whaL he wanLed would Lake some of
whaL Lhe Leacher slgned and glve Lhe appearance of
produclng sLrucLured Lwo or Lhree word uLLerances wlLhouL
produclng a conslsLenL sub[ecL verb or verb sub[ecL word
order
W ln Lerrace vlew a chlmpanzee demand can adequaLely be
Laken care of wlLh slngle words
23 N|m Ch|mpsky and Ch|mpskyan
kevo|ut|on
23 N|m Ch|mpsky and Ch|mpskyan
kevo|ut|on
11/13/2011 7
W lranclne aLLerson reporL LhaL koko
recelve speech lnpuL from her Lralners
as well as slgn
W aLLerson dlscovered was LhaL koko was
producLlve ln her slgn language koko
could make new words Lo descrlbe new
ob[ecL by comblnlng prevlously ones
24 1each|ng S|gn Language to koko the
Gor|||a
24 1each|ng S|gn Language to koko the
Gor|||a
11/13/2011 8
W ,lles chosen for Lhls research because Lhey generally
score hlgher on cognlLlve LesL Lhan do gorllla or
chlmpanzees
W ,lles concerned wlLh Lhe cognlLlve and communlcaLlve
processes LhaL mlghL underlle language developmenL
W AfLer seven years of lnLeracLlon ChanLek learned Lo use
a vocabulary of 140 slgns whlch slgnlfy ob[ecLs acLlons
proper names aLLrlbuLes locaLlves and pronouns
2S 1each|ng S|gn Language to Chantek
the Crangutan
2S 1each|ng S|gn Language to Chantek
the Crangutan
11/13/2011 9
LAMA LAMA
SAPAH SAPAH
IAMZI IAMZI
10
3 1eachlng ArLlflclal Languages Lo
Chlmpanzees
3 1eachlng ArLlflclal Languages Lo
Chlmpanzees
11/13/2011
LAMA LAMA
Lono is o chimp which is foughf Ionguoge
by using 7 coIors ond 9 shopes
Lono is o chimp which is foughf Ionguoge
by using 7 coIors ond 9 shopes
Lono is so coIIed "Longuoge onoIogue" Lono is so coIIed "Longuoge onoIogue"
7coIors ond 9 shopes consisf of some
objecf ond ocfion
7coIors ond 9 shopes consisf of some
objecf ond ocfion
These ifems ore connecfed fo fhe
compufer in onofher room
These ifems ore connecfed fo fhe
compufer in onofher room
These ifems ore presenfed
in o Iorge dispIoy
These ifems ore presenfed
in o Iorge dispIoy
Lono shouId press cerfoin
keyboord fo moke fhe
requesf
Lono shouId press cerfoin
keyboord fo moke fhe
requesf
ExompIe: pIeose o gIoss of
miIk
ExompIe: pIeose o gIoss of
miIk
3.I 3.I
11/13/2011 11
LAMA LAMA
Lono Ieorns hundreds of senfence Lono Ieorns hundreds of senfence
For fhe fhings fhof she doesn'f know, she
use " Thof-which-is"
For fhe fhings fhof she doesn'f know, she
use " Thof-which-is"
The weokness of fhis reseorch The weokness of fhis reseorch
Lono is nof creofive becouse she wos
foughf fhe Ionguoge bosed on fhe
sequence by memori;ing such os " where is
fhe foiIef 7"
Lono is nof creofive becouse she wos
foughf fhe Ionguoge bosed on fhe
sequence by memori;ing such os " where is
fhe foiIef 7"
11/13/2011 12
SAPAH SAPAH
Soroh is o chimp which is foughf foreign Ionguoge by
using I30 pIosfic foken wifh mognefic.
Soroh is o chimp which is foughf foreign Ionguoge by
using I30 pIosfic foken wifh mognefic.
Token is given fhe nome of coIor such os "red" "bIue" ,
differenf fruifs such os "bonono" "peoch", ond verb
such os "wosh, cuf, ond foke"
Token is given fhe nome of coIor such os "red" "bIue" ,
differenf fruifs such os "bonono" "peoch", ond verb
such os "wosh, cuf, ond foke"
She is given fhe " Quesfion" She is given fhe " Quesfion"
ExompIe:
Troiner : Quesfion bonono red ( is fhe bonono
red7)
Soroh : Mo
ExompIe:
Troiner : Quesfion bonono red ( is fhe bonono
red7)
Soroh : Mo
3.Z 3.Z
11/13/2011 13
SAPAH SAPAH
Premock, fhe reseorcher, sfofes fhof chimp is
infeIIecfuoI creofure
Premock, fhe reseorcher, sfofes fhof chimp is
infeIIecfuoI creofure
Soroh hos obiIify in connecfing fhe senfence Soroh hos obiIify in connecfing fhe senfence
ExompIe:
Soroh bonono dish inserf
PIoce bonono on fhe dish
ExompIe:
Soroh bonono dish inserf
PIoce bonono on fhe dish
11/13/2011 14
3.3 3.3
IAMZI IAMZI
Ion;i , o moIe chimp, which is foughf EngIish
by using o keyboord which is confoin fhe
sound of objecf, ocfion ond Iocofion fhof
inferesfed in him
Ion;i , o moIe chimp, which is foughf EngIish
by using o keyboord which is confoin fhe
sound of objecf, ocfion ond Iocofion fhof
inferesfed in him
When he press fhe keyboord, if wiII be dispIoy fhe
Iexigrom( visuoI ond sign) ond if wiII produce fhe
sound
When he press fhe keyboord, if wiII be dispIoy fhe
Iexigrom( visuoI ond sign) ond if wiII produce fhe
sound
The reseorcher sfofes Ion;i hos obiIify fo use fhe
differences sign wifh differenf meoning
The reseorcher sfofes Ion;i hos obiIify fo use fhe
differences sign wifh differenf meoning
11/13/2011 13
oncIusion oncIusion
Sue sLaLes LhaL chlmpanzees has a llmlL ablllLy
for language buL lL ls noL Lhe language LhaL
express hls/ her feellng how Lo be a chlmps
Sue sLaLes LhaL chlmpanzees has a llmlL ablllLy
for language buL lL ls noL Lhe language LhaL
express hls/ her feellng how Lo be a chlmps
11/13/2011 16
. Teoching Ionguoge
fo DoIphins
. Teoching Ionguoge
fo DoIphins
11/13/2011 17
!hoeni
Akeukumui
11/13/2011 18
The purpose of fhis
reseorch
The purpose of fhis
reseorch
1o see lf dolphln could learn
comprehend language
1o see lf dolphln could learn
comprehend language
1o dlscover more abouL Lhe
cognlLlve ablllLles of dolphln
1o dlscover more abouL Lhe
cognlLlve ablllLles of dolphln
11/13/2011 19
lnvolvlng sounds lnvolvlng sounds
lnvolvlng slgn lnvolvlng slgn
Phoenix ond okeokomoi Phoenix ond okeokomoi
11/13/2011 20
Akea was LaughL Lhe gesLure based language Akea was LaughL Lhe gesLure based language
hoenlx was LaughL Lhe sound based
language
hoenlx was LaughL Lhe sound based
language
Lach was LaughL a
vocabulary abouL 30
words( ob[ecL acLlon and
modlflers)
Lach was LaughL a
vocabulary abouL 30
words( ob[ecL acLlon and
modlflers)
Lach was LaughL a
vocabulary abouL 30
words( ob[ecL acLlon and
modlflers)
Lach was LaughL a
vocabulary abouL 30
words( ob[ecL acLlon and
modlflers)
11/13/2011 21
'isuoI Ionguoge
The froiner sfond side of fhe fonk fhe wofer
where he or she con bee seen by fhe doIphin.
The froiner wiII puf ond move his orm os fhe
sign fhof wiII be given fo fhe doIphin.
'isuoI Ionguoge
The froiner sfond side of fhe fonk fhe wofer
where he or she con bee seen by fhe doIphin.
The froiner wiII puf ond move his orm os fhe
sign fhof wiII be given fo fhe doIphin.
Phoenix ond okoekomoi Ieorn how fo respond fwo
- five commond in sequence correcfIy
ExompIe :
Window foiI fouch
DoIphin wiII respond : fouch o window wifh your
foiI
Phoenix ond okoekomoi Ieorn how fo respond fwo
- five commond in sequence correcfIy
ExompIe :
Window foiI fouch
DoIphin wiII respond : fouch o window wifh your
foiI
11/13/2011 22
Anofher resuIf of fhis reseorch fhof doIphin
con respond " semonficoIIy reversibIe
senfences" which fhe senfences befween
subjecf ond objecf connof be inferprefed
oIone
Anofher resuIf of fhis reseorch fhof doIphin
con respond " semonficoIIy reversibIe
senfences" which fhe senfences befween
subjecf ond objecf connof be inferprefed
oIone
ohn pushed 1om
1om pushed ohn
ohn pushed 1om
1om pushed ohn
of chosed mouse
Mouse chosed cof
of chosed mouse
Mouse chosed cof
11/13/2011 23
S 1each|ng Spoken Language to Afr|can Grey
arrot
S 1each|ng Spoken Language to Afr|can Grey
arrot
epperberg worked
w|th Afr|can grey
parrot ca||ed A|ex
epperberg worked
w|th Afr|can grey
parrot ca||ed A|ex
ab|e to understand and
answer quest|ons on the
co|our shapes and
mater|a|s of more than
100 ob[ects
has surpassed aspects of
|anguage know|edge that
the apes and do|ph|n
have demonstrated
has not reached the |eve|
of syntax that the
do|ph|ns have mastered
ab|e to understand and
answer quest|ons on the
co|our shapes and
mater|a|s of more than
100 ob[ects
has surpassed aspects of
|anguage know|edge that
the apes and do|ph|n
have demonstrated
has not reached the |eve|
of syntax that the
do|ph|ns have mastered
11/13/2011 24
An|ma| Commun|cat|on |n the W||d An|ma| Commun|cat|on |n the W||d
1 Vervet
monkeys
1 Vervet
monkeys
Use d|fferent grunts to
s|gna| d|fferent predators
'beware here comes an
eag|e!'
'beware here comes a
|eopard!'
1he grunts refer to the
|ocat|ons of ob[ect
'danger from above'
'danger from the bushes'
Use d|fferent grunts to
s|gna| d|fferent predators
'beware here comes an
eag|e!'
'beware here comes a
|eopard!'
1he grunts refer to the
|ocat|ons of ob[ect
'danger from above'
'danger from the bushes'
11/13/2011 23
,onkeys and b|rds take turn |n the|r commun|cat|on
(wa|t for the other to f|n|sh before mak|ng sound)
2 turntak|ng |n sound mak|ng 2 turntak|ng |n sound mak|ng
11/13/2011 26
3 8|rd ca||s 3 8|rd ca||s
1he ca||s of b|rds
serve to announce
A read|ness to
mate
1o g|ve a|arm
1o defend
terr|tory
1he ca||s of b|rds
serve to announce
A read|ness to
mate
1o g|ve a|arm
1o defend
terr|tory
11/13/2011 27
4 honeybees the |nformat|on dance 4 honeybees the |nformat|on dance
1he way honeybees |nform
other bees of the presence
of food |n v|c|n|ty
Us|ng both v|s|on and
touch
keport|ng back to the
h|ve through a ser|es of
movements
Cther bees get the
message by see|ng and
touch|ng
1he way honeybees |nform
other bees of the presence
of food |n v|c|n|ty
Us|ng both v|s|on and
touch
keport|ng back to the
h|ve through a ser|es of
movements
Cther bees get the
message by see|ng and
touch|ng
11/13/2011 28
S keason|ng and Consc|ousness |n 8ees and
An|ma|s
S keason|ng and Consc|ousness |n 8ees and
An|ma|s
Gou|d found that the bee dance accurate |n
|ts ab|||ty to |nform other bees where food
has a|ready been found and ant|c|pated the
new |ocat|on of food
Gou|d found that the bee dance accurate |n
|ts ab|||ty to |nform other bees where food
has a|ready been found and ant|c|pated the
new |ocat|on of food
Gr|ff|n makes a conv|nc|ng case that
bees and other an|ma|s do have
consc|ousness and do th|nk
Gr|ff|n makes a conv|nc|ng case that
bees and other an|ma|s do have
consc|ousness and do th|nk
11/13/2011 29
1 Can an|ma| commun|cat|on be
regarded as |anguage?
1 Can an|ma| commun|cat|on be
regarded as |anguage?
Whatever means an an|ma| m|ght use for commun|cat|ng |t
has never been demonstrated that |t |nvo|ves creat|ve
recomb|nat|on or the use of comp|ex structures that are
typ|ca| of human |anguage
Whatever means an an|ma| m|ght use for commun|cat|ng |t
has never been demonstrated that |t |nvo|ves creat|ve
recomb|nat|on or the use of comp|ex structures that are
typ|ca| of human |anguage
1he |ack of |anguage creat|v|ty and comp|ex|ty |s
true even of the an|ma|s who have been taught
|anguage by humans
1he |ack of |anguage creat|v|ty and comp|ex|ty |s
true even of the an|ma|s who have been taught
|anguage by humans
Conc|us|on Conc|us|on
11/13/2011 30
2 1he uzz|e Seem|ng|y n|gh|y Inte|||gent
An|ma|s Learn L|tt|e Language
2 1he uzz|e Seem|ng|y n|gh|y Inte|||gent
An|ma|s Learn L|tt|e Language
1he research w|th an|ma|s c|ear|y shows that an|ma|s have
on|y a rud|mentary |anguage ab|||ty whether |n the w||d or
through tra|n|ng
1he research w|th an|ma|s c|ear|y shows that an|ma|s have
on|y a rud|mentary |anguage ab|||ty whether |n the w||d or
through tra|n|ng
Contemporary theor|sts offer 2 types of exp|anat|ons on the
|ssue of an|ma|s vs humans |n the acqu|s|t|on of |anguage
Contemporary theor|sts offer 2 types of exp|anat|ons on the
|ssue of an|ma|s vs humans |n the acqu|s|t|on of |anguage
an|ma|s |ack certa|n aspects of |nte|||gence wh|ch
are needed for the |earn|ng of such as a comp|ex
ab|||ty as |anguage
an|ma|s |ack certa|n aspects of |nte|||gence wh|ch
are needed for the |earn|ng of such as a comp|ex
ab|||ty as |anguage
An|ma|s be|ng born w|thout a spec|a|
|anguage ab|||ty
An|ma|s be|ng born w|thout a spec|a|
|anguage ab|||ty
ro|nte|||gent
theor|sts
ro|nte|||gent
theor|sts
Innat|sts Innat|sts
11/13/2011 31