Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction:
Testing to ensure:
Concrete has been specified, made and transported correctly. Quality satisfactory for purpose intended.
1. Sample in middle section of load not ends (slump alternative). 2. At irregular times not evident to mixer operator. 3. Note appearance, stony, creamy, sandy etc..
Sampling
Workability
Strongly associated with the slump test Factors such as the fluidity, stability, pumpability, compactability and finishability all affect the workability These properties are affected by:
Ambient and concrete temperature Relative humidity and the air speed Degree of agitation and friability of aggregrates Elapsed time since mixing
Aggregates glued together by cement paste to form concrete Cement hydration is a chemical reaction which requires water Strength gain reflects degree of hydration Strength gain depends on
Aggregate content Cement type and fineness Water/cement ratio Degree of compaction Extent of curing Temperature
Strength Measurement
100mm or 150mm cubes at 7 and 28 days (note ratio 1:1 and square in plan) 300mm x 150mm cylinders at 7 and 28 days (note ratio 2:1 and circular in plan) Other tests direct tension, bending and cores Non-destructive testing
Cube Making:
Cube making: IS EN 12390-2 Prime objectives to achieve full compaction avoid loss of moisture keep at proper temperature when in curing tank Use proper tools. Advantage of cube shape is ease of making accurate sides. Effect of cube shape.
Cube Making
Cube curing
Cube testing:
Cube test: IS EN 12380-3 Specification compliance. Desirable properties enhanced by increasing strength. Effect of load rate, dry cubes. Effects of different machines. General variations. Validity of uniaxial compression.
Consistence Classes
Quantitative tests include the slump test, Vebe, degree of compaction and flow table values according to ISEN 12350, Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively
Table 11 ISEN 206-1: Tolerances for target values of consistence Target Value(mm) < 40 50 90 >100 Tolerance(mm) 10 20 30
Identity Testing
Extract from Table B-1, EN206 1: Identity criteria for slump For samples taken in accordance For spot samples taken from initial with I.S. EN 12350-1 discharge Specified slump class Not less than Not more than Not less than Not more than mm mm mm mm S1 0 60 0 70 S2 40 110 30 120 S3 90 170 80 180 S4 150 230 140 240 S5 210 No requirement 200 No requirement Specified target slump, Not more than the following from the specified target value mm mm < 40 -20 +30 -30 +40 50 to 90 -30 +40 -40 +50 > 100 -40 +50 -50 +60
The delivery docket doesnt have to state the precise mix proportions of the concrete if a product data sheet is accepted The docket must declare that it conforms to the specification in ISEN206-1. Other information such as time of batching may be relevant, in the case of noncompliance (if the concrete exceeds the consistence class tolerances) The addition of water and admixtures is forbidden In special circumstances, the producer can take responsibility for adding water providing that:
Production
Initial (until at least 35 test results are obtained) Continuousb (when at least 35 test results are available)
a
Sampling shall be distributed throughout the production and should not be more than 1 sample within each 25 m3. Where the standard deviation of the last 15 test results exceeds 1,37 , the sampling rate shall be increased to that required for initial production for the next 35 tests results.
b
Previously had 5 classes of exposure (mild, moderate, severe, very severe, extreme) in IS326 (or BS8110), with a reasonable choice of grades between 20 and 50 concrete. Now in ISEN206, or Eurocode 2, have 18 exposure classes and only 5 grades in this range (cube strengths 20, 30, 35, 37, 45MPa) Specify cylinder/cube strengths as , for example, C30/37. ISEN206 NA Table X
Exposure classes
Carbonation-induced corrosion
Chloride-induced corrosion
Freeze/thaw attack
Sea water
X0
XC 1
0.65
XC 2
0.60
XC 3
0.55
XC 4
0.55
XS 1
0.55
XS 2
0.50
XD 1
0.55
XD 2
0.50
XD 3
0.45
XF 1
0.60
XF 2
0.55
XF 3
0.55
XF 4
0.45
XA 1
XA 2
XA 3
---
0.55
0.50
0.45
320( 1)
2 8 0 (2 )
320 (2)
360 (2)
(1) CEM I (2) Sulfate resisting cement (3) Use sulfate resisting cement if SO42 > 1400 mg/l
A strength (the characteristic 28-day strength) is specified based on design the concrete Grade In compression test, two tested cubes at 28 days = one result Provided difference between individual results is within 15% of average Running average of four cube results (for Grades < 50): average of any 4 consecutive results must be greater than characteristic + 3MPa (or N/mm2) Individual cube result: every individual result must be greater than the characteristic -3MPa
Example
Grade 35 specified Over 100 cube results available from site Consider individual results and running group of 4 average Consider percentage 7 vs 28 day results Inspect histogram and calculate mean and standard deviation Ensure actual mean is greater than target mean strength
Cube Ref. 21 22
Comment
OK OK
23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31.5
28.0 32.0 35.0 23.0 20.5 17.5 25.5
39.5
39.0 37.5 42.0 28.5 25.5 33.0 34.5
32.5
40.0 42.5 41.0 31.0 25.5 31.5 30.5
36.0
39.5 39.8 41.5 29.8 25.5 32.3 32.5
19.4
2.5 12.7 2.4 8.4 0.0 4.6 10.7
88
71 80 84 77 78 54 78 43.1 42.2 40.9 37.7 34.2 32.3 30.0
OMIT >15%
OK OK OK Ind & Gp FAIL Ind & Gp FAIL Gp FAIL Gp FAIL
31
32 33 34 35
37.8
35.5 38.0 37.5 32.5
44.5
41.5 47.0 44.5 36.5
45.5 42.0 41.5 39.0 43.5 44.5 43.0 37.8 9.2 11.2 7.0 6.6 82 85 87 86 33.5 38.2 40.9 42.2
20 15 10 5 5 1 0 1 2 3 4 1 9
18 16 12 Series1
10
Target Mean Strength = Characteristic + 1.64 Standard Deviation or TMS of 35 + 1.64 x 4.65 = 42.6MPa > Actual Mean => PROBLEM !
Consequences of failure
In-situ testing, methods, validity, representative of what? Cost of delays, loss in reputation.