ln1LLLlCLnCL

W ls a LalenLed arLlsL who can'L do maLh

unlnLelllgenL"? ls a brllllanL sclenLlsL who
can'L follow a road map unlnLelllgenL"?
W Stern lnLelllgence ls a general capaclLy of an
lndlvldual consclously Lo ad[usL hls Lhlnklng Lo
new requlremenLs lL ls Lhe general menLal
adapLablllLy Lo new problems and condlLlons
of llfe
W Jfnon lnLelllgence ls Lhe capaclLy Lo learn
and ad[usL Lo relaLlvely new and changlng
condlLlons
W 9lageL lnLelllgence ls Lhe ablllLy Lo adapL Lo
one's surroundlngs
W 1erman An lndlvldual ls lnLelllgenL ln Lhe
proporLlon LhaL he ls able Lo carry on absLracL
Lhlnklng
ln1LLLlCLnCLLhree approaches
W A8ILI1 1C ADIUS1
Jllllam !ames AblllLy Lo ad[usL oneself successfully Lo
relaLlvely new slLuaLlon
Mcdougall CapaclLy Lo lmprove upon naLlve Lendency ln
Lhe llghL of pasL experlence
W A8ILI1 1C LLAkN
ucklngham lnLelllgence ls Lhe learnlng ablllLy
Calvln lL ls Lhe ablllLy Lo learn
Joodrow lL ls Lhe capaclLy Lo acqulre
W A8ILI1 1C DC A8S1kAC1 kLASCNING
1erman An lndlvldual ls lnLelllgenL ln proporLlon as he ls
able Lo carry absLracL Lhlnklng
Munn llexlblllLy or versaLlllLy Lo Lhe use of symbollc
processes
W Loddard(1943) lnLelllgence ls Lhe ablllLy Lo
underLake acLlvlLles LhaL are dlfflculL complex
and absLracL and whlch are adapLlve Lo a goal
and are done qulckly and whlch have soclal
value and lead Lo Lhe creaLlon of someLhlng
new and dlfferenL
W Jeschler(1944) lnLelllgence ls Lhe aggregaLe
or global capaclLy of Lhe lndlvldual Lo acL
purposefully Lo Lhlnk raLlonally and Lo deal
effecLlvely wlLh Lhe envlronmenL
W 1hus lnLelllgence as a sorL of menLal energy
ln Lhe form of menLal or cognlLlve ablllLles
avallable wlLh an lndlvldual whlch enables hlm
Lo handle hls envlronmenL ln Lerms of
adapLaLlon Lo face novel slLuaLlons as
effecLlvely as posslble
W 1hus we can access a persons lnLelllgence ln
proporLlon Lo hls ablllLy Lo use hls menLal
energy Lo handle hls problems and leadlng a
happy and conLenLed llfe
nA1u8L Cl ln1LLLlCLnCL
W ulsLrlbuLlon of lnLelllgence ls noL equal among all
human belngs ulsLrlbuLes accordlng Lo law of
normal probablllLy curve
W varles ln Lhe same lndlvldual from age Lo age and
slLuaLlon Lo slLuaLlon
W CrowLh of lnLelllgence ls orderly and cumulaLlve lL ls
composlLe of many acLlvlLles
W lnborn personal quallLy
W lnfluence of LnvlronmenLal facLors
W lnLelllgence and ad[usLmenL
W ex dlfference does noL conLrlbuLe Lowards
dlfference ln lnLelllgence
W lnLelllgence and raclal dlfferences
uLvLLC9MLn1 Cl ln1LLLlCLnCL
W lnLelllgence can'L be decreased or lncreased
W AmounL of lnLelllgence LhaL a person possesses ls lnherlLed
or flxed
W JlLh Lhe growLh of chlld Lhe amounL of lnLelllgence
lnherlLed by chlld also grows
W 1he growLh of lnLelllgence sLops as Lhe chlld reaches Lhe
age of slxLeen or sevenLeen
W A man of forLy knows more Lhan a boy of slxLeen buL lL may
be due Lo hls experlence noL necessarlly due Lo hls
lnLelllgence
W 1he growLh of lnLelllgence of cerLaln chlldren may be
checked due Lo unfavourable condlLlons when Lhese are
removed lnLelllgence grows
MlsconcepLlons abouL lnLelllgence
W lnLelllgence ls noL knowledge Lhough
acqulslLlon of knowledge Lo a greaL exLenL
depends on lnLelllgence
W lnLelllgence ls noL memory A very lnLelllgenL
person may have dull memory
W lnLelllgence doesnoL guaranLee agalnsL
abnormal behavlour
W lnLelllgence ls dlfferenL from sklll klll can be
enhanced Lhrough pracLlce buL lnLelllgence
cannoL be enhanced Lhrough pracLlce
W lnLelllgence ls noL same as LalenL 1alenL
lnvolves naLlve capaclLy and pracLlsed sklll
lnLelllgence ls a naLlve capaclLy
W
W ls lnLelllgence one general ablllLy or several
speclflc ablllLles?
1heorles of lnLelllgence
unllAC1C8 1PLC8? Cl ln1LLLlCLnCL
W 9uL forward by !ohnson and Lern
W Called as unlLary or monarchlc Lheory
W CldesL ln orlgln
W lnLelllgence conslsLs of one facLor a fund of lnLellecLual
compeLence whlch ls unlversal Lo all acLlvlLles of an
lndlvldual
W A man who ls lnLelllgenL ln dolng one Lask wlll also be
lnLelllgenL ln dolng oLher Lasks because lnLelllgence ls Lhe all
round capaclLy of Lhe lndlvldual
W lnLelllgence ls regarded as an adapLlveness
whlch enables a creaLure Lo ad[usL lLself Lo
changlng envlronmenL
W lnLelllgence as a monarch LhaL deLermlnes
man's level of achlevemenL ln any lnLellecLual
enLerprlse
W newLon could have been poeL as well had he
Lurned hls mlnd lnLo poeLry
W CrlLlclsm 1he ldeas propagaLed by Lhls Lheory
are noL however born ouL ln real llfe
slLuaLlon
W A chlld who ls good ln MaLhs may noL be good
ln Clvlcs desplLe lnLeresL and efforLs
W lnLelllgence ls noL a slngle facLor so Lhls Lheory
was noL accepLed
1JC lAC1C8 1PLC8?
W ueveloped by an Lngllsh 9sychologlsLCharles
pearman ln 1904
W Also known as LclecLlc Lheory
W Comprlsed of Lwo facLors 'C' facLor ''
facLor
W Cgeneral
W speclflc
g
s
s
s
s
W Cgeneral menLal ablllLy ls always Lhe same
for Lhe same lndlvldual and presenL ln all Lhe
lnLellecLual exerclses and common for all
acLlvlLles
W facLor varles from Lask Lo Lask accordlng Lo
lLs naLure
s
s
CharacLerlsLlcs of 'g'
W C facLor ls responslble for naLlve lnLelllgence
W lL ls unlversal lnborn ablllLy
W Ceneral menLal energy
W ConsLanL ln sense LhaL for any lndlvldual ln respecL of
all Lhe correlaLed ablllLles lL remalns Lhe same
W C dlffers from lndlvldual Lo lndlvldual
W used ln every llfe acLlvlLy
W CreaLer 'g' greaLer Lhe success ln llfe
CharacLerlsLlcs of ''
W Learned and acqulred ln Lhe envlronmenL
W varles from acLlvlLy Lo acLlvlLy ln Lhe same lndlvldual
W lndlvlduals dlffer ln amounL of 's' ablllLy
W peclal ablllLles are lndependenL of 'g' facLor
Lg arLlsLlc ablllLy muslcal spaLlal reasonlng eLc
W An lndlvldual performance ln Plndl ls parLly
due Lo hls general lnLelllgence and parLly due
Lo some speclflc apLlLude Lowards language (
g+s
1
) ln maLhs ( g+s
2
) ln drawlng ( g+s
3
) and
so on
W 1oLal ablllLy or lnLelllgence A
W g+s
1
+s
2
+s
3
+A
Cr|t|c|sm
1 lnLelllgence may be expressed noL only Lwo
buL several facLors
2 facLors are noL muLually excluslve 1hey
overlap and glve rlse Lo cerLaln facLors
MuL1l lAC1C8 1PLC8?/ AnA8CPlC
1PLC8?
W ueveloped by LL 1horndlke ln 20
Lh
cenLury
W Lands ln compleLe conLrasL Lo pearman's Lheory
W lnLelllgence ls a comblnaLlon of numerous separaLe elemenLs
or Lhe facLors each one belng a mlnuLe elemenL of one ablllLy
W no such Lhlng as general lnLelllgence( a slngle facLor) and
Lhere are only many hlghly lndependenL speclflc ablllLles
whlch help ln Lhe accompllshmenL of dlfferenL Lasks
W Lvery Lasks needs dlfferenL ablllLles or a hosL of hlghly
lndependenL facLors and Lhere ls noLhlng llke general
lnLelllgence/ ablllLy
ALLrlbuLes of lnLelllgence
W 1here are 4 aLLrlbuLes of lnLelllgence
W LeveldlfflculLy of a Lask LhaL can be solved
Ladder of dlfflculLy deLermlnes level or
alLlLude or degree of lnLelllgence
W 8angeLoLal number of Lasks aL any glven
degree of dlfflculLy
W AreaLoLal no of slLuaLlons aL each level Lo
whlch one ls able Lo respond
W peedrapldlLy wlLh whlch one can solve or
respond Lo Lhe LesL lLems
W Lvery lnLelllgence LesL conslsLs Lhese four
aLLrlbuLes Jhen we LesL a person we glve hlm
a cerLaln no of Lasksarea
W 1hese Lasks vary ln dlfflculLy alLlLude
W 1here are cerLaln no of lLems aL each level of
dlfflculLy range
W 1hey respond ln a glven Llmespeed
(CLd) MuL1l lAC1C8 1PLC8?
W Pe devlsed an lnLelllgence LesL known as CAVD
enLence CompleLlon(C)
ArlLhmeLlcal 8easonlng(A)
vocabulary (v)
lollowlng ulrecLlons (u)
1hese four seLs of lLems does noL encompass Lhe enLlre range of
absLracL lnLelllgence
Accordlng Lo hlm Lhree Lypes of lnLelllgence
oclal lnLelllgence ablllLy Lo undersLand and
deal wlLh persons
ConcreLe lnLelllgenceablllLy Lo undersLand
and deal wlLh Lhlngs
AbsLracL lnLelllgenceablllLy Lo undersLand and
deal wlLh verbal and maLhemaLlcal reasonlng
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W Ioy f G|ord (March 7 1897 november 26
1987) was a u psychologlsL besL remembered for
hls psychomeLrlc sLudy of human lnLelllgence
W Accordlng Lo Cullfords LrucLure of lnLellecL (l)
Lheory an lndlvlduals performance on lnLelllgence
LesLs can be Lraced back Lo Lhe underlylng menLal
ablllLles or facLors of lnLelllgence l Lheory comprlses
up Lo 130 dlfferenL lnLellecLual ablllLles organlzed
along Lhree dlmenslonsCperaLlons ConLenL and
9roducLs
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W ln Cullfords LrucLure of lnLellecL (l) Lheory lnLelllgence ls
vlewed as comprlslng operaLlons conLenLs and producLs
1here are
W 3 klnds of operaLlons
cognlLlon memory dlvergenL producLlon convergenL
producLlon evaluaLlon
W 3 klnds of conLenLs
vlsual audlLory symbollc semanLlc behavloral
W 6 klnds of producLs
unlLs classes relaLlons sysLems LransformaLlons and
lmpllcaLlons
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W Cperft|ons d|mens|on
l lncludes slx operaLlons or general lnLellecLual processes
W CognlLlon1he ablllLy Lo undersLand comprehend dlscover
and become aware of lnformaLlon
W Memory recordlng1he ablllLy Lo encode lnformaLlon
W Memory reLenLlon1he ablllLy Lo recall lnformaLlon
W ulvergenL producLlon1he ablllLy Lo generaLe mulLlple
soluLlons Lo a problem creaLlvlLy
W ConvergenL producLlon1he ablllLy Lo deduce a slngle
soluLlon Lo a problem rulefollowlng or problemsolvlng
W LvaluaLlon1he ablllLy Lo [udge wheLher or noL lnformaLlon ls
accuraLe conslsLenL or valld
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W Content d|mens|on
l lncludes flve broad areas of lnformaLlon Lo whlch Lhe human
lnLellecL applles Lhe slx operaLlons
W vlsuallnformaLlon percelved Lhrough seelng
W AudlLorylnformaLlon percelved Lhrough hearlng
W klnesLheLlclnformaLlon percelved Lhrough ones own
physlcal acLlons
W ymbollclnformaLlon percelved as symbols or slgns LhaL
have no meanlng by Lhemselves eg Arablc numerals or Lhe
leLLers of an alphabeL
W emanLlcJhlch ls concerned wlLh verbal meanlng of ldeas
W ehavlorallnformaLlon percelved as acLs of people
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W rodct d|mens|on
As Lhe name suggesLs Lhls dlmenslon conLalns resulLs of
applylng parLlcular operaLlons Lo speclflc conLenLs 1he l
model lncludes slx producLs ln lncreaslng complexlLy
W unlLslngle lLems of knowledge
W ClasseseLs of unlLs sharlng common aLLrlbuLes
W 8elaLlonsunlLs llnked as opposlLes or ln assoclaLlons
sequences or analogles
W ysLemsMulLlple relaLlons lnLerrelaLed Lo comprlse
sLrucLures or neLworks
W 1ransformaLlonsChanges perspecLlves converslons or
muLaLlons Lo knowledge
W lmpllcaLlons9redlcLlons lnferences consequences or
anLlclpaLlons of knowledge
CulLlC8u 1PLC8?(Cl MCuLL)
W 1herefore accordlng Lo Cullford Lhere are 6 x 3 x 6 180
lnLellecLual ablllLles or facLors Lach ablllLy sLands for a
parLlcular operaLlon ln a parLlcular conLenL area and resulLs ln
a speclflc producL such as Comprehenslon of llgural unlLs or
LvaluaLlon of emanLlc lmpllcaLlons
W Cullfords orlglnal model was composed of 120 componenLs
because he had noL separaLed llgural ConLenL lnLo separaLe
AudlLory and vlsual conLenLs nor had he separaLed Memory
lnLo Memory 8ecordlng and Memory 8eLenLlon
W Jhen he separaLed llgural lnLo AudlLory and vlsual conLenLs
hls model lncreased Lo 3 x 3 x 6 130 caLegorles
W Jhen Cullford separaLed Lhe Memory funcLlons hls model
flnally lncreased Lo Lhe flnal 180 facLors