DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : A.CHAKRAVARTHI
Designation : HOD
Branch : AEI
Institute : SGPR Govt Polytechnic, Kurnool.
Year / Semester : V Semester
Subject : Process Control
Subject Code : AEI - 504
Topic : Introduction to Process Control
Duration : 100 Mts
Sub Topic : Block Diagram of process control.
Teaching Aids : Diagrams
AEI 504.3 to 4 1
 OBJECTIVES

On the completion of this topic, you would be

able to know :

• Define the process control.

• Draw the block diagram of process control loop

with example.

AEI 504.3 to 4 2
 INTRODUCTION

• Process means performing a job & Control means to

regulate.

• Process control aims at maintaining the quantity of

interest at Some desired value regardless of external

influences.

AEI 504.3 to 4 3
• Process Control System is the arrangement of Physical
Components and devices connected to regulate the
Quantity of interest at some desired value regardless of
external Influences.

• Human Body is the best example for the Process Control

System.

AEI 504.3 to 4 4
 NEED OF PROCESS CONTROL

Example :
• Look at standards of Human Body.
• Human Body standard temperature 98.4oF or 37oC.
• Blood Pressure = 120/80 mmHg
• Glucose level on fasting 100 -125mg
• Hemoglobin : Male 14 -16gm per 100ml,

: Female 10 -12gm per 100ml.

AEI 504.3 to 4 5
• Designer of the Human Body is the “GOD”.

• The above standards are fixed by the designer.

• Any deviation of the above standards due to external or

internal disturbances results the system out of control.

• Now it needs corrective action to bring back the standards to

the normal values to make the system under control.

AEI 504.3 to 4 6
• Like wise in industry also, it is required to measure and
control the various process variables such as Temperature,
Pressure, displacement, flow, level etc.

• The quantities which are to be controlled are said to be

process variables.

AEI 504.3 to 4 7
 EXAMPLE OF PROCESS CONTROL
SYSTEM

Home Heating System

AEI 504.3 to 4 8
 HOME HEATING CONTROL SYSTEM

• The quantity to be controlled that is Process Variable i.e

temperature.
• The desired value is called Set point or Reference point
=71oF.
• The present or current value of process variable measured
by feed back device(transducer) is called Controlled
variable = 69oF.

AEI 504.3 to 4 9
• The difference of set point and controlled variable is called
error. e = 71-69 = 2oF

• The variable which is selected for adjustment by controller to

maintain the controlled variable at desired values is called
manipulated variable. In home heating system the
manipulated variable is fuel.

AEI 504.3 to 4 10
 Block Diagram of Process Control Loop

S.P
e m
+ C F.C.E P
-

C.V

F.B

AEI 504.3 to 4 11
 Terms of Process Control Loop

Variables : S.P = Set Point or Reference Point

C.V = Control variable
e = Difference of S.P & C.V
m = Manipulated Variable

Hardware Elements : C = Controller

F.C.E = Final Control Element
F.B = Feed Back Device
P = Process

AEI 504.3 to 4 12
 HARDWARE ELEMENTS
Transducer : Many measurements cannot be used for
control until they are converted to voltage or
current etc. Transducers are used for this purpose.
Example: R.T.D, Thermocouple.

Controller : This is Hardware element that has intelligence.

It receive the information from the measuring device and
decides what action should be taken and error detector is a
part of the controller.

Example : Thermostat,
AEI 504.3 to 4 13
Final Control Element
Converts the control signal that is manipulated variable into

physical action on the process.

Example: Valve

AEI 504.3 to 4 14
 Summary

We have discussed about

• Introduction to Process Control System

• Block Diagram of Process Control Loop

• Home Heating System

AEI 504.3 to 4 15
 Quiz

1. Process Control System is a

A) Single Variable.

B) Multi Variable.

C) Both A & B.

D) None of the above.

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2. Human Body is a

• Open loop control system.

• Close loop control system.

• Both A&B.

• None of the above.

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3. The desired value is also known as

A) Reference Point.

B) Set Point.

C) Both A & B.

D) None of the above.

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4. Error Detector Performs

A) Arithmetic Operations.

B) Logic Operation

C) Both A & B.

D) None of the above.

AEI 504.3 to 4 19
5. In a process control application Valve is used as a

• Transducer

• Controller

• Final Control Element.

• None of the above.

AEI 504.3 to 4 20
6. Corrective Action taken by

A) Error detector.

B) Controller.

C) Feed back device.

D) Final Control Element.

AEI 504.3 to 4 21
 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1) Define the process control system.

2) Draw the block diagram of process control loop and

explain with an example

3) Mention the importance of process control.

AEI 504.3 to 4 22