ConLrol CharLs

1ypes of conLrol charLs

W ConLrol charLs for varlables
x and 8 charL
W ConLrol charLs for aLLrlbuLes
np C and u charLs
IarlaLlon
W 1hree caLegorles of varlaLlon
WlLhln plece varlaLlon
lece Lo plece varlaLlon LhaL occurs among pleces
produced aL Lhe same Llme
1lmeLoLlme varlaLlon LhaL occurs ln producL
produced aL dlfferenL Llmes of Lhe day
W IarlaLlon ls presenL due Lo a comblnaLlon of
facLors
Men
MaLerlal
Machlne
LnvlronmenL
lnspecLlon
IarlaLlon
W 8un charL and ConLrol charL
W 1he conLrol llmlLs are esLabllshed aL 3o
W lL ls expecLed LhaL 997 Llmes ouL of 100 Lhe
subgroups values wlll fall beLween Lhe upper
and lower llmlLs
Iarlable conLrol charLs
W CuallLy characLerlsLlc
Should be measurable and can be expressed ln
numbers
W Subgroup slze and MeLhod
A raLlonal subgroup ls one ln whlch Lhe varlaLlons
wlLhln Lhe group ls only
WlLhln group varlaLlon ls used Lo deLermlne Lhe
conLrol llmlLs
IarlaLlon beLween subgroups ls used Lo evaluaLe
longLerm sLablllLy
Sample varlance
W lf o

ls Lhe unknown varlance of a probablllLy

dlsLrlbuLlon Lhen an unblased esLlmaLor ofo

ls Lhe sample varlance
1
) (
2
1
2

=
n
x x
s
n
i
i
LsLlmaLlon of facLors
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
4

=
n
n
n
c
W We have Lo esLlmaLe o by analyzlng pasL daLa
W Suppose we have m prellmlnary samples each
of slze o
W eL s
l
be Lhe sLandard devlaLlon of Lhe l
Lh
sample

=
=
2
i
i
s
2
s
1
1
ConLrol llmlLs of S charL
W 1he sLaLlsLlc ls an unblased esLlmaLor
of o
W 1herefore Lhe parameLers of Lhe S charL would
be
4
/ c s
2
4
4
2
4
4
1 3
1 3
c
c
s
s UCL
s Centerline
c
c
s
s UCL
=
=
+ =
ConLrol llmlLs of x bar charL
W Slmllarly Lhe parameLers of Lhe x bar charL
would be
n c
s
x UCL
x Centerline
n c
s
x UCL
4
4
3
3
=
=
+ =
W 1he esLlmaLe of o can be compuLed as
n d
R
x UCL
x Centerline
n d
R
x UCL
2
2
3
3
=
=
+ =
2
`
d
R
= o
ConLrol llmlLs of x bar charL
1rlal CenLral lnes and ConLrol lmlLs
R R
R R
x x
x x
i
i
R LCL
R UCL
X LCL
X UCL
g R R
g X X
o
o
o
o
3
3
3
3
/
/
=
+ =
=
+ =
=
=

o
x
populaLlon sLandard
devlaLlon of Lhe sub group
averages
o
8
populaLlon sLandard
devlaLlon of Lhe range
R D LCL
R D UCL
R A X LCL
R A X UCL
R
R
x
x
3
4
2
2
=
=
=
+ =
1rlal CenLral lnes and ConLrol lmlLs
roblem
Sample
number
CbservaLlons
x
l
8
l
1 74030 7400 74019 7399 74008 74010 0038
73993 7399 74001 74011 74004 74001 0019
3 73988 7404 7401 74003 7400 74008 0036
4 7400 73996 73993 74013 74009 74003 00
3 7399 74007 74013 73989 74014 74003 006
6 74009 73994 73997 73983 73993 73996 004

0
1 7398 74001 74013 74003 73996 74000 0033
74004 73999 73990 74006 74009 7400 0019
3 74010 73989 73990 74009 74014 7400 003
4 74013 74008 73993 74000 74010 74003 000
3 7398 73984 73993 74017 74013 73998 0033
x (double bar)
%x183008

%80381
8(bar)003
ConLrol lmlLs
R A X LCL
R A X UCL
x
x
2
2
=
+ =
988 . 73 ) 023 . 0 )( 0577 . 0 ( 001 . 74
014 . 74 ) 023 . 0 )( 0577 . 0 ( 001 . 74
= =
= + =
x
x
LCL
UCL
0 ) 0 ( 023 . 0
049 . 0 ) 115 . 2 ( 023 . 0
3
4
= = =
= = =
R D LCL
R D UCL
R
R
LsLlmaLlng rocess CapablllLy
W 1he process sLandard devlaLlon ls esLlmaLed
W Assume Lhe speclflcaLlon llmlLs as 74000003mm
W We may esLlmaLe Lhe fracLlon of nonconformlng componenLs
as
0099 . 0 326 . 2 / 023 . 0 / `
2
= = = d R o
00002 . 0
99998 . 0 1 0
) 04 . 4 ( 1 ) 15 . 5 (
0099 . 0
001 . 74 050 . 74
1
0099 . 0
001 . 74 950 . 73
} 050 . 74 } 950 . 73
=
+ =
1 + 1 =

1 +

1 =
> + = x P x P p
1haL ls abouL 0 parLs per mllllon
of Lhe componenL produced wlll
be ouLslde of Lhe speclflcaLlons
ConLrol charLs for x bar and S
W 1he sample sLandard devlaLlon S ls noL an unblased
esLlmaLor of Lhe populaLlon sLandard devlaLlon o lL
can be shown LhaL
W 1he sLandard devlaLlon of S ls
o
o
4
2 / 1

| 2 / ) 1 |(
) 2 / (
1
2
) (
c
n
n
n
S E
=
I
I

=
2
4
1 c o
1
) (x
S
is deviation standard the
1
) (
n
1 i
2
i
1
2
2

=
=
n
x
n
x x
S
n
i
i
ConLrol lmlLs of S charL
W 1he cenLer llne for Lhe S charL ls C
4
o
W 1he Lhree slgma conLrol llmlLs of S are Lhen
W 1he uC and C are deflned ln Lerms of Lhe
parameLers
W 1hus Lhe equaLlons can be rewrlLLen as
2
4 4
2
4 4
1 3
1 3
c c UCL
c c UCL
=
+ =
o o
o o
2
4 4 5
2
4 4 6
1 3
1 3
c c B
c c B
=
+ =
o
o
o
5
4
6
B LCL
c CenterLine
B UCL
=
=
=
ConLrol lmlLs of S charL
W lf no sLandard ls glven for o Lhen ls an
unblased esLlmaLor of o 1herefore Lhe
parameLers of S charL would be
4
/ c S
2
4
4
2
4
4
1 3
1 3
c
c
S
S LCL
S Centerline
c
c
S
S UCL
=
=
+ =
S B LCL
S Centerline
S B UCL
3
4
=
=
=
ConLrol llmlLs of x bar charL
W Slmllarly Lhe parameLers of Lhe x bar charL
would be when ls used Lo esLlmaLe o
n c
s
x UCL
x Centerline
n c
s
x UCL
4
4
3
3
=
=
+ =
4
/ c S
S A x LCL
x Centerline
S A x UCL
3
3
=
=
+ =
roblem
Sample
number
CbservaLlons
x
l
S
l
1 74030 7400 74019 7399 74008 74010 00148
73993 7399 74001 74011 74004 74001 00046
3 73988 7404 7401 74003 7400 74008 00147
4 7400 73996 73993 74013 74009 74003 00091
3 7399 74007 74013 73989 74014 74003 001
6 74009 73994 73997 73983 73993 73996 00099

0
1 7398 74001 74013 74003 73996 74000 001
74004 73999 73990 74006 74009 7400 00074
3 74010 73989 73990 74009 74014 7400 00199
4 74013 74008 73993 74000 74010 74003 00087
3 7398 73984 73993 74017 74013 73998 0016
x (double bar)
%x183008

%S0330
S(bar)00094
ConLrol lmlLs of x bar and S charLs
S A x LCL
x Centerline
S A x UCL
3
3
=
=
+ =
988 . 73 ) 0094 . 0 ( 427 . 1 001 . 74
001 . 74
014 . 74 ) 0094 . 0 ( 427 . 1 001 . 74
= =
=
= + =
LCL
Centerline
UCL
S B LCL
S Centerline
S B UCL
3
4
=
=
=
0 ) 0094 . 0 )( 0 (
0094 . 0
0196 . 0 ) 0094 . 0 )( 089 . 2 (
= =
= =
= =
LCL
S Centerline
UCL
LsLlmaLlon of o
W ls an unblased esLlmaLor of o 1he
process sLandard devlaLlon ls
4
/ ` c S = o
01 . 0
9400 . 0
0094 . 0
`
4
= = =
c
S
o
1hls esLlmaLe ls slmllar
Lo Lhe one obLalned
from Lhe range meLhod
ConLrol CharLs for ALLrlbuLes
1ypes of charLs
W Contro| chart for fract|on non conform|ng
fracLlon of nonconformlng or defecLlve
producL produced (p charL)
W Contro| chart for nonconform|t|es ls used
Lo deal wlLh Lhe number of defecLs or non
conformlLles ( c charL)
W Contro| chart for nonconform|t|es per un|t
(u charL )
1he ConLrol charL for fracLlon nonconformlng
W 1he fracLlon non conformlng ls deflned as Lhe
raLlo of Lhe number of non conformlng lLems
ln a populaLlon Lo Lhe LoLal number of lLems ln
LhaL populaLlon
W 1he sLaLlsLlcs prlnclples for fracLlon
nonconformlng ls |nom|a| d|str|ut|on
W 1he sample fracLlon non conformlng ls deflned as
Lhe raLlo of Lhe number of non conformlng unlLs
ln Lhe sample u Lo Lhe sample slze n LhaL ls
W 1he dlsLrlbuLlon of p(cap) can be obLalned from
Lhe blnomlal
n
D
p = `
n
p p
p
) 1 (
is variance the and
is mean the
2
p

=
=
o

1he ConLrol charL for fracLlon nonconformlng

racLlon non conformlng conLrol charL
n
p p
p LCL
p CL
n
p p
p UCL
) 1 (
) 1 (

=
=

+ =
roblem
W rozen orange [ulce concenLraLe ls packed ln 6oz cardboard cans 1hese
cans are formed on a machlne by splnnlng Lhem from cardboard sLock and
aLLachlng a meLal boLLom panel
W 8y lnspecLlon of a can we may deLermlne wheLher when fllled lL could
posslbly leak elLher on Lhe slde seam or around Lhe boLLom [olnL Such a
non conformlng can has an lmproper seal on elLher Lhe slde seam or Lhe
boLLom panel
W SeL up a conLrol Lo lmprove Lhe fracLlon of non conformlng cans produced
by Lhls machlne
W 1o esLabllsh Lhe conLrol charL 30 samples of n30 cans each were selecLed
aL Z hour lnLervals over a 3shlfL perlod ln whlch Lhe machlne was ln
conLlnuous operaLlons
W 1he daLa are shown ln Lhe Lable
W We consLrucL a prellmlnary conLrol charL Lo see wheLher Lhe process was
ln conLrol when Lhls daLa was collecLed
W Slnce Lhe 30 samples conLalned

=
=
30
1
347
i
i
D
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample fracLlon
non
conformlng
l
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample fracLlon
non
conformlng
l
1 1 04 16 8 016
13 030 17 10 00
3 8 016 18 3 010
4 10 00 19 13 06
3 4 008 0 11 0
6 7 014 1 0 040
7 16 03 18 036
8 9 018 3 4 048
9 14 08 4 13 030
10 10 00 3 9 018
11 3 010 6 1 04
1 6 01 7 7 014
13 17 034 8 13 06
14 1 04 9 9 018
13 044 30 6 01
347 (bar)0313
2313 . 0
) 50 )( 30 (
347
1
= = =

=
2n
D
p
2
i
i
) 0596 . 0 ( 3 2313 . 0
50
) 7687 . 0 ( 2313 . 0
2313 . 0
) 1 (
I =
+ =

+ =
n
p p
p UCL
0524 . 0
2313 . 0
4102 . 0
=
=
=
LCL
CL
UCL
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample fracLlon
non
conformlng
l
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample fracLlon
non
conformlng
l
1 1 04 16 8 016
13 030 17 10 00
3 8 016 18 3 010
4 10 00 19 13 06
3 4 008 0 11 0
6 7 014 1 0 040
7 16 03 18 036
8 9 018 3 4 048
9 14 08 4 13 030
10 10 00 3 9 018
11 3 010 6 1 04
1 6 01 7 7 014
13 17 034 8 13 06
14 1 04 9 9 018
13 044 30 6 01
347 (bar)0313
8evlsed CenLer lne
W 1he new cenLer llne ls calculaLed as
2150 . 0
) 50 )( 28 (
347
1
= = =

=
2n
D
p
2
i
i
0407 . 0
50
) 7850 . 0 ( 2150 . 0
3 2150 . 0
3893 . 0
50
) 7850 . 0 ( 2150 . 0
3 2150 . 0
) 1 (
= =
= + =

+ =
LCL
n
p p
p UCL
1he process ls under conLrol
8uL Lhe fracLlon nonconformlng ls
PlCP!
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample
fracLlon non
conformlng
l
Sample
number
number of
non
conformlng
cans u
l
Sample fracLlon
nonconformlng

l
31 9 018 43 3 006
3 6 01 44 6 01
33 1 04 43 3 010
34 3 010 46 4 008
33 6 01 47 8 016
36 4 008 48 3 010
37 6 01 49 6 01
38 3 006 30 7 014
39 7 014 31 3 010
40 6 01 3 6 01
41 004 33 3 006
4 4 008 34 3 010
133 (bar)01108
0 0224 . 0
50
) 8892 . 0 ( 1108 . 0
1108 . 0
2440 . 0
50
) 8892 . 0 ( 1108 . 0
1108 . 0
) 1 (
= = =
= + =

+ =
LCL
n
p p
p UCL
8evlsed ConLrol lmlLs
A hypoLhesls LesL LhaL Lhe process fracLlon nonconformlng ln Lhe currenL
process dlffers from Lhe fracLlon nonconformlng of Lhe prevlous process
P
0
p
1
p

P
1
p
1
p

1he LesL sLaLlsLlc ls

=
2 1
2 1
0
1 1
) ` 1 ( `
` `
n n
p p
p p
Z
1669 . 0
1200 1400
) 1108 . 0 )( 1200 ( ) 2150 . 0 )( 1400 (

` `
`
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
n n
p n p n
p
10 . 7
1200
1
1400
1
) 8331 . 0 ( 1669 . 0
1108 . 0 2150 . 0
1 1
) ` 1 ( `
` `
0
2 1
2 1
0
=

=
Z
n n
p p
p p
Z

o
710
003
1643
So we re[ecL Lhe null hypoLhesls
Pence lL ls concluded LhaL Lhere ls a slgnlflcanL
decrease ln Lhe process fallouL
np conLrol charL
) 1 ( 3
) 1 ( 3
p p n p n LCL
p p n p n UCL
=
+ =
620 . 2
) 1 ( 3
565 . 11 ) 2313 . 0 ( 50
510 . 20
) 7687 . 0 )( 2313 . 0 ( 50 3 ) 2313 . 0 ( 50
) 1 ( 3
=
=
= =
=
+ =
+ =
p p n p n LCL
np
p p n p n UCL
ConLrol lmlLs of varlable sample slze
i
p
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
p p
P
p UCL
n
D
p
) 1 (
3
` 3
1
1

+ =
+ =
=

=
=
o
CperaLlng CharacLerlsLlcs
uncLlon
x bar and 8 charL
W 1he ablllLy of Lhe x bar and 8 charL Lo deLecL
shlfLs ln process quallLy ls descrlbed by Lhelr
operaLlng characLerlsLlcs curves
CC curve
W Conslder Lhe CC curve for an x bar charL wlLh
Lhe sLandard devlaLlon o known and consLanL
W lf Lhe mean shlfLs from Lhe lnconLrol value
say
0
Lo anoLher value
1

0
+ko
W 1he probablllLy of noL deLecLlng Lhls shlfL on
Lhe flrsL subsequenL sample or Lhe . rlsk ls
= 1 ..... ,
0 1
o . UCL x LCL P + = = =
W Slnce x barn( o

$n) and Lhe upper and

lower llmlLs are
n
L LCL
n
L UCL
o

=
+ =
0
0
CC curve
W 1he equaLlon (1) ls modlfled as
W Where phl denoLes Lhe sLandard normal cumulaLlve dlsLrlbuLlon funcLlon
) )

+
1

+ +
1 =

+
1 =
n

n
L
n

n
L
n
LCL
n
UCL
o
o
o

o
o
o

o
o
o
o
.
) ( ) (

) ( ) (
0 0 0 0
0 0
) ( ) ( n L n L 1 1 = .
CC curve
W Suppose LhaL 3 (usual 3 slgma llmlLs) Lhe sample
slze n3 and we wlsh Lo deLermlne Lhe probablllLy of
deLecLlng a shlfL Lo
1

0
+o on Lhe flrsL sample
followlng Lhe shlfL
W 1hen 3 k and n3 we have
0708 . 0
) 37 . 7 ( ) 47 . 1 (
) 5 2 3 ( ) 5 2 3 (
) ( ) (
=
1 1 =
1 1 =
1 1 =
.
. n L n L
1hls ls Lhe . rlsk or
probablllLy of noL
deLecLlng such a
shlfL
1he probablllLy LhaL
such a shlfL wlll be
deLecLed 1 .099
CC curve
ConsLrucLlon of CC curve
W 1o consLrucL Lhe CC curve for Lhe x bar charL
ploL Lhe . r|sk agalnsL Lhe magn|tude of the
sh|ft we wlsh Lo deLecL expressed ln sLandard
devlaLlon unlLs for varlous sample slzes n
W 1he x bar charL ls noL parLlcularly effecLlve ln
deLecLlng a small shlfL of say 13o or less on
Lhe flrsL sample followlng Lhe shlfL
The image part with relationship !D r!d2 was not found in the file.
Average 8un engLh (A8)
W lL ls Lhe average number of polnLs LhaL musL
be ploLLed before a polnL lndlcaLes an ouLof
conLrol condlLlon
W lf Lhe process observaLlons are uncorrelaLed
Lhen for any ShewarL conLrol charL Lhe A8 ls
calculaLed from A81$p
Where p ls Lhe probablllLy LhaL any polnL exceeds
Lhe conLrol llmlLs
W or example lf Lhe shlfL ls 1o and n3 Lhen from
Lhe flg 3 3 .073 approx
W 1hus Lhe probablllLy LhaL Lhe shlfL wlll be deLecLed on
Lhe flrsL sample ls 1.03
W 1he probablllLy LhaL Lhe shlfL ls deLecLed ln Lhe
second sample ls .(1 .)073(03)019
W 1he probablllLy LhaL Lhe shlfL ls deLecLed ln Lhe Lhlrd
sample ls .

(1 .)014
W 1hus Lhe probablllLy LhaL Lhe shlfL ls deLecLed on Lhe
rLh subsequenL sample ls 1 . Llmes Lhe probablllLy
of noL deLecLlng Lhe shlfL on each of Lhe lnlLlal r1
samples or .
r1
(1 .)
Average 8un engLh (A8)
W ln general Lhe expecLed number of samples Laken
before Lhe shlfL ls deLecLed ls slmply Lhe average run
lengLh or
W ln Lhe example we have
W A8
.
. .

=
=

1
1
) 1 (
1
1
r
r
r ARL
4
25 . 0 1
1
1
1
=

=
.
ln oLher words Lhe
expecLed number of
samples Laken Lo deLecL a
shlfL of 1o wlLh n3 |s
Average 8un engLh (A8)
CC curve for 8 charL
W 1he dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe relaLlve range W8$o
W Suppose LhaL Lhe lnconLrol value of Lhe sLandard
devlaLlon ls o
0
W 1hen Lhe CC curve ploLs Lhe probablllLy of noL
deLecLlng Lhe shlfL Lo a new value of o say o
1

o
0
on Lhe flrsL sample followlng Lhe shlfL
W 1he .rlsk (Lhe probablllLy of noL deLecLlng such a
shlfL) ls ploLLed agalnsL o
$
o

(Lhe raLlo of new Lo old

process sLandard devlaLlon) for varlous values of o
W 8 charL ls noL effecLlve ln deLecLlng process
shlfLs for small sample slzes
W lf Lhe process sLandard devlaLlon doubles
(le2o
$
o

) Lhen sample of 3 slze have

only abouL 40 chance of deLecLlng Lhls shlfL
on each subsequenL sample
CC curve for 8 charL
AppllcaLlon
W 1he CC curves assume LhaL Lhe xbar and 8 charLs
are used for onllne process conLrol
W 1hls can glve some lndlcaLlon of how Lhe oombet
of ptellmlooty sobqtoops used Lo esLabllsh Lhe
conLrol charL affecLs Lhe oblllty of Lhe charL Lo
Jetect ootof coottol condlLlons LhaL exlsLed when
Lhe daLa were collecLed
W lL ls Lhrough experlence LhaL Lhe recommendaLlon
Lo use to prellmlnary subgroups ln
esLabllshlng Lhe x bar and 8 charLs has evolved
CC curves for p charL
W 1he oc curve provldes a measure of senslLlvlLy of
Lhe conLrol charL LhaL ls lLs ablllLy Lo deLecL a
shlfL ln Lhe process fracLlon nonconformlng from
nomlnal value p Lo some oLher value p
W Slnce u ls a blnomlal random varlable wlLh
parameLers o and p Lhe .error deflned above
can be obLalned from Lhe cumulaLlve blnomlal
dlsLrlbuLlon
= =
= = 1 ..... , ,
, ` , `
p nLCL D P p nUCL D p
p LCL p P p UCL p p
=
=
.
.
loLLlng of CC curve
p D$p D$p
001 10000 09106 00894
003 10000 03333 04447
030 08394 00000 08394
030 0033 00000 0033
033 00033 00000 00033
= =
} , 1 } , 18
: as modiIied is equation the integer, an be must D Since
} , 52 . 1 } , 49 . 18
, ) 0303 . 0 )( 50 ( , 3697 . 0 )( 50 (
p D P p D P
p D P p D P
p D P p D p
=
=
= .
WlLh parameLers n30 C00303 and uC03697
= = p nLCL D P p nUCL D p , , = .
1he CC curve ls ploLLed for Lhe values of p and .
A8 for fracLlon nonconformlng
W lf Lhe process ls ln conLrol A8o ls
A8
0
1$-
W And lf Lhe process ls ouL of conLrol Lhen
A8
1
1$1.
lllusLraLlon
W Assume Lhe parameLers n30 C00303 and
uC03697 and Lhe cenLer llne p bar00
W We flnd LhaL lf Lhe process ls ln conLrol wlLh pp bar
Lhe probablllLy of a polnL ploLLlng ln conLrol ls 09973
W 1hus -1.0007 and Lhe value of A8
0
ls
W A8
0
1$- 370
1herefore lf Lhe process
ls really ln conLrol Lhere
wlll be a false alarm ouL
ofconLrol slgnal abouL
every 370 samples!
W now suppose Lhe process shlfLs ouL of conLrol
p Lo p03 Lhe Lable lndlcaLes Lhe Lable value
of .08394
W 1herefore Lhe value of A8
1
ls
A8
1
1 $ 1 . 7
1haL ls lL wlll Lake seveo
somples on Lhe average
Lo deLecL Lhls shlfL wlLh
a polnL ouLslde of Lhe
conLrol llmlLs
lllusLraLlon
ConLrol charLs for nonconformlLles
W A non conformlng lLem ls a unlL of producL LhaL does
noL saLlsfy one or more speclflcaLlons for LhaL producL
W ConLrol charLs are developed for Lhe LoLal number of
nonconformlLles ln a unlL or Lhe average number of
nonconformlLles per unlL
W 1hese conLrol charLs assume LhaL Lhe occurrence of
non conformlLles ln samples of consLanL slze ls
modeled by 9olssoo Jlsttlbotloo
W 1haL ls Lhe opporLunlLles (or poLenLlal locaLlons) for
non conformlLles be lofloltely lotqe and LhaL probablllLy
of occurrence of a nonconformlLy aL any locaLlon be
smoll ooJ coostoot
ConLrol charLs for non conformlLles per
unlL
ConLrol charLs for non conformlLles per unlL
W 1he average number of non conformlLles per
unlL ls
u(bar)x$n
W x ls a olsson random
varlable
n
u
u LCL
u CenterLine
n
u
u UCL
3
3
=
=
+ =
u bar represenLs Lhe
observed average number of
non conformlLles per unlL ln a
prellmlnary seL of daLa
roblem
W A personal compuLer manufacLurer wlshes Lo
esLabllsh a conLrol charL for nonconformlLles
per unlL on Lhe flnal assembly llne ln 0
samples or 3 compuLers each are shown ln Lhe
Lable
Sample
no l
Sample slze n 1oLal number of non
conformlLles x
l
Average number of
non conformlLles per
unlL u
l
x
l
$n
1 3 10 0
3 1 4
3 3 8 16
4 3 14 8
3 3 10 0
6 3 16 3
7 3 11
8 3 7 14
9 3 10 0
10 3 13 30
11 3 9 18
1 3 3 10
13 3 7 14
14 3 11
13 3 1 4
16 3 6 1
17 3 8 16
18 3 10 0
19 3 7 14
0 3 3 10
193 386
93 . 1
20 / 6 . 38
20
20
1
=
=
=

= i
i
u
u
07 . 0
5
93 . 1
3 93 . 1 3
93 . 1
79 . 3
5
93 . 1
3 93 . 1 3
= = =
= =
= + = + =
n
u
u LCL
u CenterLine
n
u
u UCL
CalculaLlon of ConLrol lmlLs
0
03
1
13

3
3
33
4
1 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 13 14 13 16 17 18 19 0 1
Average number of non
conformlLles per unlL ulxl$n
uC
CenLer lne
C
ConsLrucLlon of Lhe u ConLrol CharL
rocedures wlLh varlable sample slze
8oll
no
no of
Square
meLers
1oLal no of
nonconformlLles
number of
lnspecLlon
unlLs ln
roll n
no of non
conformlLles
per lnspecLlon
unlL u
l
1 300 14 100 140
400 1 80 130
3 630 0 130 134
4 300 11 100 110
3 473 7 93 074
6 300 10 100 100
7 600 1 10 173
8 33 16 103 13
9 600 19 10 138
10 63 3 13 184
133 10730
42 . 1
5 . 107 / 153
20
1
=
=
=

= i
i
n
u
u
8oll
no
l
n
l
no of non
conformlLles per
lnspecLlon unlL u
l
1 100 140 33 09
80 130 68 016
3 130 134 41 043
4 100 110 33 09
3 93 074 38 06
6 100 100 33 09
7 10 173 43 039
8 103 13 3 03
9 10 138 43 039
10 13 184 43 041
n
u
u UCL 3 + =
n
u
u LCL 3 =
CalculaLlon of upper and ower ConLrol lmlLs
0
03
1
13

3
3
1 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10
no of non
conformlLles per
lnspecLlon unlL
uC
C
CenLer lne
ConsLrucLlon of Lhe u ConLrol CharL
rocess CapablllLy Analysls
rocess capablllLy
W rocess capablllLy refers Lo Lhe unlformlLy of
Lhe process
W 1here are Lwo Lypes of varlablllLy
1he naLural or lnherenL varlablllLy aL a speclfled
Llme LhaL ls lnsLanLaneous" varlablllLy
1he varlablllLy over Llme
rocess capablllLy analysls
W ls done Lo esLlmaLe Lhe process capablllLy
W 1he esLlmaLe of process capablllLy may be ln
Lhe form of a probablllLy dlsLrlbuLlon havlng a
speclfled shape cenLer and spread
W 1hree prlmary Lechnlques used ln process
capablllLy analysls are
PlsLograms or probablllLy ploLs
ConLrol charLs and
ueslgned experlmenLs
robablllLy loLLlng
W Slmllar Lo hlsLogram Lhls can be used for
deLermlnlng Lhe shape cenLer and spread of
Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon
rocess CapablllLy raLlos
W robablllLy capablllLy raLlos are Lhe
quanLlLaLlve way Lo express Lhe process
capablllLy
W C
p
ls one of Lhe raLlos used Lo represenL Lhe
process capablllLy
C
p
(uSS)$6o
W Assume Lhe followlng uS7403mm
S7393mm o00099
W C
p
ls esLlmaLed as 168
ercenLage of speclflcaLlon band
W (1$C
p
)100 ls used Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
percenLage of Lhe speclflcaLlon band used up
by Lhe process
W 1herefore (1$168)*100393 percenL of
speclflcaLlon band
o

3
3
LSL
C
USL
C
pl
pu

=
63 197 346 80 63 00 1 63 61 78
03 86 317 4 34 33 176 6 48 30
63 74 4 60 81 46 48 71 60 63
307 43 38 31 94 38 63 43 74 70
0 31 76 8 3 96 31 301 337 98
68 67 300 30 60 76 334 80 30 37
60 81 08 99 308 64 80 74 78 10
34 63 187 38 33 69 63 33 34 80
99 14 64 67 83 33 7 87 74 69
13 318 71 93 77 90 83 38 73 31
8ursLlng sLrengLhs for 100 CnellLer Class sofL drlnks boLLles
luS18A1lCn
x (bar)6406 S30
67 . 0
) 32 ( 3
200 264
3
=

=
o
LSL
C
pl
Suppose LhaL Lhe lower speclflcaLlon llmlL on bursLlng
sLrengLh ls 00 psl
1he fracLlon of defecLlve
boLLles produced by Lhls
process ls esLlmaLed by
flndlng Lhe area lefL of (S
)$o(0064)$3
1he esLlmaLed fallouL ls abouL 8 defecLlve or
abouL 800 non conformlng boLLles per mllllon
rocess capablllLy raLlo
W 1he process capablllLy raLlo C
p
does noL Lake
lnLo accounL where Lhe process mean ls
locaLed relaLlve Lo Lhe speclflcaLlons
W C
p
slmply measures Lhe spread of Lhe
speclflcaLlons
W 1he slLuaLlon may be more accuraLely
reflecLed by deflnlng a new process capablllLy
raLlo LhaL Lakes process cenLerlng lnLo accounL
W 1hls ls glven as
) , min(
pl pu p
C C C =
5 . 1
) 5 . 2
) 2 ( 3
38 53
, 5 . 1
) 2 ( 3
53 62
min(
)
3
,
3
min(
) , min(
=
=

= =

= =

= =
=
pl pu
pl pu
pl pu p
C C
LSL
C
CSL
C
C C C
o

C
p
measures Lhe poLenLlal capablllLy where as Lhe
C
pk
measures Lhe acLual capablllLy