Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.

Characteristics of Muscles
Muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments All muscles share some terminology
Prefix myo refers to muscle Prefix mys refers to muscle Prefix sarco refers to flesh
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Slide 6.2

How many muscles are there in the human body?

Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Sartorius The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Stapedius The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.

What is the biggest muscle in the body?

Answer: The Gluteus Maximus The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running.

Movement Maintenance of posture and muscle tone Heat production Protects the bones and internal organs.

Functionally

Voluntarily can be moved at will Involuntarily cant be moved intentionally

Structurally

Striated have stripes across the fiber Smooth no striations

3 Types of Muscles

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Fibers are thin and spindle shaped. No striations Single nuclei Involuntary Contracts slowly

They fatigue but very slowly Found in the circulatory system

Lining of the blood vessels Helps in the circulation of the blood

Found in the digestive system

Esophagus, stomach, intestine Controls digestion

Controls breathing Urinary bladder Controls urination

Found in the respiratory system

Found in the urinary system

Cells are branched and appear fused with one another Has striations Each cell has a central nuclei Involuntary

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Has no striations Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus

Involuntary no conscious control

Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Slow, sustained and tireless

Figure 6.2a

Slide 6.6

Found ONLY in the heart Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat. Healthy cardiac muscle NEVER fatigues or else

Fibers are long and cylindrical Has many nuclei Has striations

Have alternating dark and light bands

Voluntary

Attached to skeleton by tendons Causes movement of bones at the joints. And yes they do fatigue Muscle fatigue activity what substance forms causing muscle fatigue???

Movement muscle move bones by pulling not pushing.

Synergists any movement is generally accomplished by more than one muscle. All of the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists. The one that is most responsible for the movement is the Prime Mover (agonist).

Movement

Antagonists muscles and muscle groups usually work in pairs example the biceps flex your arm and its partner the triceps extend your arm. The two muscles are antagonists, i.e. cause opposite actions. when one contracts the other relaxes. Levators muscle that raise a body part.

Maintenance of posture or muscle tone

We are able to maintain our body position because of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions dont produce movement yet hold our muscles in position.

Heat production contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.

Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue.

Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a moveable joint between them.

The attachment to the bone that does not move is the origin. The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion.

Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.

Bursae small fluid filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. They are made of connective tissue and are lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.

Contribution of the nervous system

Electrochemical impulses travel from the frontal lobes of the cerebrum via motor nerves to the muscle fibers and cause them to contract. Sensation is a function of the brain impulses are integrated in the parietal lobes of the cerebrum (conscious muscle sense) and in the cerebellum (unconscious). These activities promote coordination.

Microscopic anatomy

Muscle cells (fibers) are grouped in a highly organized way in the muscle. The membrane that surrounds the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma. Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin). These structures slide past each other causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten. The myofilaments are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres.

Neuromuscular junction

Spot where the axon of a motor nerve nears the muscle fiber. The axon terminal does not touch the muscle but comes close. The space between the axon and the muscle cell is called the synapse. Within the terminal end of the axon are small sacs filled with a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine.

Sequence

Electrical impulse travels down a motor neuron. When it reaches the end, acetylcholine (chemical) is released into the synapse. Acetylcholine bind to special receptors on the muscle cell and causes an electrical impulse to spread over the cell. The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell contracts.

MUSCLE
MYOFIBRIL

MUSCLE FIBER
SARCOMERE

Sarcomere
Z A Z A Z

origin

Origin: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves Belly: the fleshy part of the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or insertion

belly

insertion

These muscles move when the brain sends messages to the muscle Always work in pairs 2 movements of skeletal muscle

Contraction (shorten) Extension (lengthen)

Categories

Actions

Extensor Increases the angle at a joint Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body Levator Moves insertion upward Depressor Moves insertion downward Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis Sphincter Constricts an opening

Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy
Slide 6.22

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Energy for Muscle Contraction

Initially, muscles used stored ATP for energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles

After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
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Slide 6.23

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain creatine phosphate (CP) CP is a high-energy molecule After ATP is depleted, ADP is left

CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP

CP supplies are exhausted in about 20 seconds
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 6.10a

Slide 6.24

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Anaerobic glycolysis
Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
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Figure 6.10b

Slide

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Anaerobic glycolysis (continued)
This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast Huge amounts of glucose are needed Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
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Figure 6.10b

Slide

Energy for Muscle Contraction

Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen
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Figure 6.10c

Slide 6.25

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt

When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid to tissue to remove oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid

Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Slide 6.27

Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions

The muscle shortens

Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten
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Slide 6.28

Muscle Tone
Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
Slide 6.29

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Muscles and Body Movements

Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone

Figure 6.12
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Slide

Muscles and Body Movements

Muscles are attached to at least two points
Origin attachment to a moveable bone Insertion attachment to an immovable bone
Figure 6.12
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Slide

Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use
Increase in muscle size Increase in muscle strength Increase in muscle efficiency

Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 6.31

Types of Ordinary Body Movements

Flexion decreases angle of joint and brings two bones closer together

Extension- opposite of flexion

Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis, shaking head no Abduction/Adduction (see slides) Circumduction (see slides)
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Slide 6.32

Body Movements

Figure 6.13
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Slide 6.33

Left: Abduction moving the leg away from the midline

Right: Circumduction: coneshaped movement, proximal end doesnt move, while distal end moves in a circle. Above Adductionmoving toward the midline

Types of Muscles
Prime mover muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 6.35

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Direction of muscle fibers

Example: rectus (straight)

Relative size of the muscle

Example: maximus (largest)

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Slide

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscle Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis) Number of origins

Example: triceps (three heads)

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Slide

Naming of Skeletal Muscles

Location of the muscles origin and insertion
Example: sterno (on the sternum)

Shape of the muscle

Example: deltoid (triangular)

Action of the muscle

Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 6.37

Bend arm - biceps contract - triceps extend 2. Straighten arm - biceps extend - triceps contract 3. Bend knee
1.

- quadriceps extend - hamstrings contract

4. Straighten knee - quadriceps contract - hamstrings extend 5. Crunches - abdomen contract - back muscles extend 6. Point toes - calf muscle contract - shin muscle extend

Location of the muscle Shape of the muscle Relative Size of the muscle Direction/Orientation of the muscle fibers/cells Number of Origins Location of the Attachments Action of the muscle

Epicranius (around cranium) Tibialis anterior (front of tibia) tibialis anterior

Shape:

Trapezius

deltoid (triangle) trapezius (trapezoid, 2 parallel sides)

Deltoid

serratus (sawtoothed)
rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides) orbicularis and Serratus anterior sphincters (circular)

Rhomboideus major

maximus (largest) minimis (smallest) longus (longest) brevis (short) major (large) minor (small)

Psoas minor Psoas major

Rectus (straight) parallel to long axis Transverse Oblique

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Biceps brachii

Biceps (2)
Triceps (3) Quadriceps (4)

Sternocleidomastoid originates from sternum and clavicle and inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone

insertion

origins

 Flexor

carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis)

flexes wrist

Abductor

pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis)

flexes thumb

Abductor

abducts thigh

magnus

Adductor magnus

Extensor

extends fingers

digitorum

Parallel

strap-like ex: sartorius

Fusiform

spindle shaped ex: biceps femoris

 Pennate

"feather shaped

Unipennate

ex: extensor digitorum longus

Bipennate

ex: rectus femoris

Multipennate

ex: deltoid

Convergent

ex: pectoralis major

Circular

sphincters ex: orbicularis oris

Smiling is easier than frowning.

It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.

Smile and make someone happy.

Spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles,[1] or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice. It is sometimes accompanied by a sudden burst of pain, but is usually harmless and ceases after a few minutes.

Physical stress of working long hours, doing too much, feeling pressurized, overachieving, and not resting enough Poor nutrition, especially a deficiency of magnesium, calcium or potassium Nervousness Seizures Menstrual Cycle Overuse of muscles, injury or strain due to strenuous activity

Anti-inflammatories or antispasmodics can relieve the muscle spasms and restore balance to your system. These muscle relaxants affect each individual differently, and should be used in conjunction with alternative therapy such as physical therapy for best results. Avoid foods acidic foods and drinks like tomatoes and vinegar which blocks the bodys natural ability to absorb calcium.

Also, including calcium fortified foods like seafood and fish, almonds, flaxseed, oats, parsley, prunes, sesame seeds, tofu and kale, can help to stave off muscle spasm.

Cramps are unpleasant, often painful, and sometimes erotic sensations caused by muscle contraction or over shortening. Common causes of skeletal muscle cramps include muscle fatigue, low sodium, and low potassium.Smooth muscle cramps may be due to menstruation or gastroenteritis. Causes of cramping include, exposure to large changes in temperature, dehydration, or low blood salt.

Use breathing to divert your attention from the pain and to help relax you. This method can be effective for mild cramps. Rest. The more rest, the better. Avoid any complex drinks, alcohol, or any caffeinated or carbonated drink.

 Myositis

is a general term for inflammation of the muscles. Many such conditions are considered likely to be caused by autoimmune conditions, rather than directly due to infection (although autoimmune conditions can be activated or exacerbated by infections.) It is also a documented side effect of the lipidlowering drugs statins and fibrates.

Invasion of inflammatory cells in the muscle.

Corticosteroids (i.e., prednisone) and other drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppresants) may slow down the attack on healthy tissue and improve skin rash. Your doctor will probably repeat blood tests throughout your treatment for myositis to monitor improvement. Anti-inflammatories You may also want to use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for pain relief.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of muscle diseases that weaken the musculoskeletal system and hamper locomotion. Muscular dystrophies are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness, defects in muscle proteins, and the death of muscle cells and tissue

There is no cure for any form of muscular dystrophy (MD) but medications and therapy can slow the course of the disease.

Compartment syndrome is a limb threatening and life threatening condition, defined as the compression of nerves, blood vessels, and muscle inside a closed space (compartment) within the body

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Surgery is needed. Long surgical cuts are made through the fascia to relieve the pressure. The wounds can be left open (covered with a sterile dressing) and closed during a second surgery, usually 48 - 72 hours later. Skin grafts may be needed to close the wound.

Leader: Stephanie del Rosario

Asst. leader: Pauleen Costiniano

Estrella, Patricia Ann

Mrs. Lilibeth M. Mayor