By Sreekanth M P110005EE PhD Scholar Dept of EE, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India

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Almost Completion (or Settling)of now seen number System (The Decimal) evolved across the globe around the beginning of AD.
Of course with the inclusion of Zero from India.

Source: History of Mathematics, BBC World

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Exact existence: Not Known, Source: Wikipedia sreekanthmadhav@gmail.com

sreekanthmadhav@gmail.com

 Humans are trying to solve their mysterious Real Life

equations with Real Line..!!. Examples:

Height

Weight
Age Marks Salary

Random Variables

Bank Balanceetc..!!

Who ever solves the arbitrary - unwritten n-dimensional curve fitting problem with above variables are accepted as Winnerin that century itself..!. sreekanthmadhav@gmail.com Some othersmany centuries later!!

 Definition : A random variable over a sample space is a

function that maps every sample point (i.e. outcome) to a real number. (That is the Domain is S and the Range is some subset of the real line).

A mapping X ( ) from S to the real line.

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 Size of Spanner.

Shoe Size

Electrical Wire Gauge

Seat Number in Train.

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sreekanthmadhav@gmail.com

 "A gambler's dispute in 1654 led to

the creation of a mathematical theory of probability by two famous French mathematicians, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat.
The game consisted in throwing a

pair of dice 24 times; the problem was to decide whether or not to bet even money on the occurrence of at least one "double six" during the 24 throws.
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 Probability is a Mathematical Model to help us study

physical systems in an average sense.

(Prob & RP with applications to Signal Processing, Stark &

Woods, Pearson Education).

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 Two of the most popular definitions are:

The relative frequency definition

The classical definition

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 Suppose that a random experiment is repeated n times. If the event

A occurs nA times, then the probability of A, denoted by P(A) , is defined as:

(nA/n) represents the fraction of occurrence of A in n trials.

For small values of n , it is likely that (nA/n) will fluctuate quite

badly. But as n becomes larger and larger, we expect, (nA/n) to tend to a definite limiting value.
Eg: Difference between Tossing a Coin 6 times and 100 times.

(We expect (nA/n) to converge to 0.5. )

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Experiments by:

Number of Throws

Number of Heads

Relative Frequency of Heads

Person 1
Person 2 Person 3

4040
12000 24000

2048
6019 12012

0.5069
0.5016 0.5005

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 In tossing a fair coin, Let X = No. of trials until the first

head appears. (Let the events are independent): Then

P(X=1) = P(H) = . P(X=2) = P(TH) = x = P(X=3) = P(TTH) = x x 1/2 = 1/8. So P(X=n) = (1/2)n , for n = 1,2,3,n. So it is sure that we will get a Head at nth trial.

That is the individual probabilities converge to , as n tends to

a large value. i.e

Using Geometric Series the individual probabilities

converges to
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 In the classical approach, the probability of the event A is

found without experimentation.

This is done

by counting the total number N of the possible outcomes of the experiment. If NA of those outcomes are favorable to the occurrence of the event A, then

where it is assumed that all outcomes are equally likely!

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X(.)
Real Line

X(.)

P(.)

P(.)

Probability

0sreekanthmadhav@gmail.com P(E) 1

 Answer is NO, Because Mathematical modeling or

automated prediction methods are based on some references or some mappings like Random Variables.
We cannot manipulate with things, space or time

independently.
That Gives Importance of Number system in our life.

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