DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : S. Laxmi Naik
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : DECE
Institution : Govt. Polytechnic, Anantapur
Semester/Year : 1 Year
Subject : Electronic Components& materials
Sub Code : EC 105
Topic : Semiconductor Diode
Duration : 150mts
Sub Topic : Energy level diagrams of conductors,
semi conductors and insulators.
Teaching Aids : Diagrams.
EC105.113 to 115 1
Recap

• Classify the electrical materials.

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Electrical materials are:

• Conductors.

• Semi conductors.

• Insulators.

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Objectives:

• On completion of this period, you would be able

to understand :

• Energy level Diagrams of

• conductors.
• Semi conductors.
• Insulators.

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 Energy Bands in Solids
• The range of
energies possessed
n=4 by electrons is known
Forbidden energy gap as energy band.
n=3
Forbidden energy gap
Energy in ev

• Energy bands are

n=2 separated by an
energy gap known as
forbidden energy gap
Forbidden energy gap

n=1
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 • Range of energies
Important Energy Bands possessed by
in Solids valence electrons is
known as valence
band.
Conduction Band
• Range of energies
possessed by
Forbidden energy gap conduction
Energy in ev

electrons is known
as conduction band.
Valence Band
• The gap between
the energy bands is
known as forbidden
energy gap.
Lower filled energy Bands
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 Energy Bands in Insulators

Conduction Band
• Valence band is full.

Forbidden energy gap=6 ev

• Conduction band is
empty.
Energy in ev

Valence Band • Large energy gap

more than 6 ev.

Lower filled energy Bands

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 Energy Bands in Semiconductors

• Partially filled
valence band.
Conduction Band

• Partially filled
Forbidden energy gap=1 ev
conduction.
Energy in ev

Valence Band • Little energy gap

around 1 ev.

• At 00 K it acts as
Lower filled energy Bands Insulator.
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 Energy Bands in Semiconductors

• On application of an
external energy equal
Free electron to 1ev a covalent
Conduction Band
bond breaks and an
electron cross the
Forbidden energy gap=1 ev
gap and enters the
Energy in ev

conduction band
leaving a hole in
Valence Band Hole valence band.

Energy

Lower filled energy Bands

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 Energy Bands in Conductors

• Valence and
Conduction Band conduction bands
are overlap each
Energy in ev

Overlapping
other.
Valence Band
• No energy gap.

Lower filled energy Bands

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Types of Semiconductors

Semiconductors can be classified as:

3. Intrinsic Semiconductor.
4. Extrinsic Semiconductor.
Extrinsic Semiconductors are further classified as
a. n-type Semiconductors.
b. p-type Semiconductors.

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Intrinsic semiconductor energy band diagram

Conduction Band

FERMI
Energy in ev

LEVEL

Valence Band

Fermi level lies in the middle

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Extrinsic Semiconductor

• When we add an impurity to pure semiconductor to

increase the charge carriers then it becomes an Extrinsic
Semiconductor.

• In extrinsic semiconductor without breaking the covalent

bonds we can increase the charge carriers.

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N-type semiconductor energy band diagram

Fermi level
Energy in ev

Valence Band

Fermi level lies near conduction band

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P-type Semiconductor

• When we add a Trivalent impurity to pure semiconductor

we get p-type semiconductor.

Pure
P-type
Ga Si
si

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P-type semiconductor energy band diagram

Energy in ev

Fermi level

Fermi level lies near valence band

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Summary:

• In this presentation we have a discussion on the

following topics:

• Energy levels in solids.

• Energy bands in solids.
• Valence band.
• Conduction band.
• Forbidden energy levels.
• Fermi levels.

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Quiz

• Energy gap between valancy band to

conduction band in conductors

c. 1.5 ev.

e. 15 ev.

g. 0 ev.

i. 10 ev.
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Quiz

• Energy gap between conduction band to

valancy band in semi conductor

c. 1.1 ev.

e. 0 ev.

g. 10 ev.

i. 15 ev.
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Frequently Asked Questions:

1) Explain energy levels in solids?

2) Explain valency band and conduction band in solids.

3) What is forbidden energy?

4) Define Fermi level.

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