Cisco Certified Network

Associate
Cisco Networking Academy
Turku Polytechnic
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Based on Arpanet and Alohanet (late 60’s
early 70’s)
• Ethernet was invented by Robert Metcalfe
and David Boggs at Xerox Parc (palo alto
research center)
• In 1979 DIX started to develop Ethernet
• IEEE standard for Ethernet (802.3) 1983
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Ethernet operates in layer 1 and layer 2
(OSI)
• Layer 1 is divided in two: Physical Medium
and Physical Signaling Sublayer
• Layer 2 is also divided in two: Media
Access Control and Logical Link Control
• IEEE 802.x
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• MAC
– Controls traffic from LLC to layer 1 and visa
versa
– Place for physical address, MAC address (48bit
long / 12 hex)
• First 6 as Organizational Unique Identifier
• Last 6 administrated by the manufacturer
– Without MAC same as without name
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Encapsulation on layer 2 is frame
– Originally Ethernet and 802.3 frames were
different
– In later IEEE standards, they are combined in
802.3 Ethernet
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Deterministic MAC
– Token Ring, logical ring, physical star
– FDDI, logical ring, physical dual ring

• non-deterministic MAC
– Ethernet, logical bus, physical star or extended
star
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• CSMA/CD
– Carrier sense
– Multiple access
– Collision detection
• After collision, keep sending awhile, wait
random time and try again
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Slot time
– Transmission in 10/100 Ethernet can’t be smaller than
512 bit-times (64 octets)
– Slot time for 1000 Mbps is 4096 bit-times (512 octets)
• Slot time is calculated with maximum cable
lengths in largest legal network
• Slot time only applies to half-duplex Ethernet
links!
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Interframe spacing is always 96 bit-times
– It’s the time between last bit of frame (FCS)
and first bit of next frame (preample)
• Procedure after collision at 10 Mbps
collision domain: picture
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Local collision in UTP
– Bits in RX at the same time when sending on
TX (only half dublex) or over voltage
• Remote collision
– Frame is shorter than minimum length or
invalid FCS checksum and doesn’t have local
symptoms
– Most common collision type on UTP
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Late collision
– Occurs after first 64 octets
– Main difference to local and remote collision is
that NIC will not retransmit late collision
automatically. Retransmission have to be
handled with upper layers. Rest of the functions
after collision are same than local and remote
collision.
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Collision or runt – Simultaneous transmission
occurring before slot time has elapsed
• Late collision – Simultaneous transmission
occurring after slot time has elapsed
• Jabber, long frame and range errors –
Excessively or illegally long transmission
• Short frame, collision fragment or runt –
Illegally short transmission
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• FCS error – Corrupted transmission
• Alignment error – Insufficient or
excessive number of bits transmitted
• Range error – Actual and reported number
of octets in frame do not match
• Ghost or jabber – Unusually long
Preamble or Jam event
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Other errors on Ethernet network
– Bad checksum or CRC error
– Message don’t end on octet boundary =
alignment error
– Bad number of octets = range error
• Less than minimum, more than maximum = out of
range
– Ground loops and other wiring problems =
ghosting (must be more than 72 octets long)
 CCNA1 – Module 6
• Full Duplex = sending and receiving at the same time
• Half Duplex = cannot send and receive at the same time,
only one station may transmit at a time (mandatory for
coaxial)
• Auto-negotiation to both ends
• If one link partner is forced to full duplex, but the other
partner attempts to Auto-Negotiate, then there is certain to
be a duplex mismatch. This will result in collisions and
errors on that link.
• Additionally if one end is forced to full duplex the other
must also be forced. The exception to this is 10-Gigabit
Ethernet, which does not support half duplex.
IEEE 802.x
MAC
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Bit time and spacing
After collision
Short and long frame