DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : R. Saraswathi.
Designation : Lecturer,
Branch : Electronics & Communication
Engg.
Institute : Dr.B.R.A.G.M.R.Polytechnic,
Bommuru, E.G.Dist
Year/Semester : III Semester
Sub. Name : Circuit Theory
Sub. Code : EC-303
Major Topic : Resonance and Coupled Circuits
Duration : 100Mts
Sub. Topic : Significance of reflected
Impedance in double tuned circuit for
different degrees of coupling, double
humps,and problems.
Teaching Aids : Circuits and waveforms

EC-303.71 to 72 1
Objectives

• Up on completion of this topic we will be able to

know about :

• Significance of reflected impedance in single tuned

circuit.

• Significance of reflected impedance in doubled tuned

circuit in different degrees of coupling.

• Reasons for the formation of double humps.

• Problems on single and double tuned circuit.

EC-303.71 to 72 2
RECAP

1. Define reflected impedance in Coupled Circuit ?

5. What is the nature of reflected impedance in untuned

circuit ?

EC-303.71 to 72 3
Reflected impedance for single tuned circuits:-
+
RP RS
IP IS
E LP LS CS VO

-
Fig .1

• A single tuned circuit is one which is tuned in the

Secondary as shown in above fig4.18-19.1
• The mesh equations are
IP ( RP + jωLP ) − jωMIS = E
 j 
− jωMIP + IS  RS + jωLS − =0
 ωCS 
EC-303.71 to 72 4
• Solving the above two equations for IP,IS,VO and
reflected impedance are
 j 
E  RS  j LS 
  CS  (1)
IP 
 j  2
  M 
2
 RS  j LS  RP  j L P 
  CS  

Ej M
IS  (2)
 j  2
  M 
2
 RS  j L S  R P  j L P 
  C S  

IS ME
VO   (3)
jCS CS  RPRS   2 M 2 

EC-303.71 to 72 5
 • When the secondary side is tuned, then

1
ωL S =
ωC S

• At resonance frequency, the amplification is given by

Vo M
A= =
E CS ( RPRS + ω 2 M 2 )
(4)

EC-303.71 to 72 6
(continued..)
• Thus it can be observed that the output voltage, current

and amplification depends on the mutual inductance M

at resonant Frequency.

• The maximum output voltage is given by

E
VOM = (5)
2ωCS RSRP

EC-303.71 to 72 7
• The reflected impedance is =
(ωM ) 2

ZS
where
j
ZS = RS + jωLS −
ωCS
• After rationalization reflected impedance becomes

 1 
− ωLS  ( ωM )
2
j
( ωM ) RS
2
 ωCS 
( ) ( )
= 2
+ 2
1 1
RS
2
+ − ωLS RS
2
+ − ωLS
ωCS ωCS
Inductive it f<fo
Resistive Capacitive it f>fo
EC-303.71 to 72 8
1. Nature of reflected impedance:-

Fig .2

EC-303.71 to 72 9
Nature of reflected impedance: ( continued..)

• The coupled impedance has the maximum value at the

resonant frequency.

• At frequencies above and below the resonance

frequency the coupled impedance decreases as
secondary impedance increases.

• The magnitude of the curve depends on the mutual

impedance.

EC-303.71 to 72 10
• Nature of the secondary current IS :-

ωLP<CRS

ωLP=RP

Fig .3

EC-303.71 to 72 11
Nature of the secondary current IS
(continued…)
• The voltage developed across the secondary current Cs

varies with frequency in the same way as the coupled

impedance.

• It has a maximum magnitude at a frequency slightly

higher than the resonance frequency of the secondary.

EC-303.71 to 72 12
3.Nature of output voltage:-

• In the limited frequency range around the resonance

frequency ω, the change in ω is very little in comparison
with the variation of the secondary current.

• Hence, the voltage developed across the capacitor can be

considered to be equal to the product of the secondary
current and a constant.

• The phase shift between input voltage and output current

varies over a range of ±90° or a total of 180°

EC-303.71 to 72 13
Significance of Reflected impedance in
Doubled tuned circuit

EC-303.71 to 72 14
Reflected impedance for doubled tuned circuits:-

R CP RS
P
LP LS
E IP IS CS VO

Fig .4

EC-303.71 to 72 15
Reflected impedance for doubled tuned
circuits:- (continued…)
• A double tuned circuit is shown in above fig.4.

• It is tuned in both the primary and secondary.

• It offers a critical frequency response under a particular

coefficient of coupling.

• It can used as band pass filter or in a band pass

amplifier.

EC-303.71 to 72 16
• The mesh equations are:

 j 
IP  RP  j LP   j MIS  E (1)
  CP 

 j 
 j MIP  IS  RS  j LS   0 (2)
  CS 

• After solving the above equations the values of IP,IS,VO are

EC-303.71 to 72 17
Continued…

EjωM
IS =
  1    1 
 +ω M
2 2
 RS + j  ωLS −   RP + j  ωLP −
  ωCS    ωC P  

 j 
E  RS + jωLS − 
 ωC S 
IP =
  1    1 
 +ω M
2 2
 RS + j  ωLS −   RP + j  ωLP −
  ωCS    ωC P  

EC-303.71 to 72 18
 1
VO  IS 
jCS
EM

  1     1   2
  M 
2
C S   RS  j   L S   RP  j   LP 
   CS      CP   

• From the above equations it is evident that

• The behaviour of the double tuned circuit largely depends

on ‘M’.

• Mutual inductance ‘M’ is dependent on the Coefficient of

coupling or Degree of coupling.

EC-303.71 to 72 19
• At resonance XL = XC
Then EM
VO =
(
CS RSRP + ( ωM )
2
)
VO M
A= =
(
E CS RSRP + ( ωM ) 2 )
• The maximum output voltage is given by
E RSRP
VO = where MC =
2 ω 2 CSMC ω

• When M=MC it is called critical coefficient of coupling.

• It causes the secondary current to have the maximum
possible value.
EC-303.71 to 72 20
 • The selected impedance in double tuned circuit is

(ωM ) (ωM )
2 2

=
 1 
ZS RS + j ωLS − 
 ωCS 

j
ZS = RS + jωLS −
ωCS

• The coupled impedance will have greater influence when

• The coefficient of coupling and mutual inductance is

high ,at the frequency response of secondary circuit.

EC-303.71 to 72 21
Behaviour of coupled impedance for
different degrees of coupling:-

1. The type of coupled impedance produced by the tuned

secondary is the same type as produced by a parallel
resonance circuit impedance.

5. The variation of coupled impedance with frequency

follows the shape of parallel resonance curve.

8. The coupled impedance is maximum at resonance and is

then a resistance.

EC-303.71 to 72 22
1. At frequencies below resonance the coupled impedance is

inductive and at frequency above resonance it is capacitive.

a. Such coupled impedance is added to the primary

circuit impedance due to coupling significant effects

are produced.

g. The magnitude of the primary current, the secondary

current and output voltage across capacitance in the

secondary is effected.
EC-303.71 to 72 23
1. When the coefficient coupling is small, the effect of
coupled impedance is negligible.

• Then the curve of primary currents Vs frequency will

follow the series resonance curve of the primary
circuit.

• The secondary current is small and varies with

frequency in such a way that it has much more peaky
response than the resonance curve of secondary
circuit.

• It is shown in figure 4.18-19.5,6.

• This is the condition K<KC

EC-303.71 to 72 24
1. As the coefficient of coupling is increased the effect of
coupled impedance increases the total impedance of the
primary circuit.

• Reduction in primary current magnitude and the

curve of primary current becomes broader.
• The secondary current peak becomes higher and
broadens to some extent.
• It continues as the coefficient of coupling is increased
until the resistance which the secondary circuit
couples in to the primary at resonance is equal to
primary resistance.
• It is called critical coupling.

EC-303.71 to 72 25
• When K=KC

• In this condition the secondary current will be maximum

and broader than the previous.
• The primary current has two peaks.
• When K>>KC

• In this condition the double humps in the primary current

becomes more prominent.
• The curve of secondary current also begins to display
double humps with peak becoming more as coupling
increases.
• The primary current variations and secondary current
variations are shown in figures 4.18-19.5,6.
EC-303.71 to 72 26
Variation of primary current with frequency:-

K=0.005
K=KC =0.01
K=0.015

K=0.03

EC-303.71 to 72 27
Variation of secondary current with frequency:-
K=KC=0.01
K=0.015

K=0.03

K=0.005

EC-303.71 to 72 28
Reasons for the formation of double humps:-

1. In primary current:

• At resonance the coupled impedance is purely

resistive and increases the effective primary
resistance.

• This causes the primary current magnitude to

decrease in all cases.

EC-303.71 to 72 29
• At frequencies below the resonance, and above
resonance, neutralized by capacitive and inductive
impedances causes.

• The coupled impedance is to lower the primary

current at the resonant frequency and to raise the
current at frequencies some what off resonance.

• The magnitude of this effect increases as the

coefficient of coupling increases.

EC-303.71 to 72 30
• When the coupling equals to the magnitude of critical coupling
value or greater, the coupled resistance is very large.

• Causes the primary current value to decrease at

resonance.

• At which the coupled reactance exactly neutralizes the

primary reactance, resulting the flow of large primary
current.

• This causes raise in magnitude at two frequencies near

resonance frequency.

• This creates the double humps in the curve.

EC-303.71 to 72 31
2.In secondary current:

• Secondary current depends on the value of the

secondary impedance and the voltage induced in the
secondary by the primary current.

• The induced voltage varies with frequency in almost

exactly the same way as does the primary current.

• As a result of this the curve of secondary current has a

shape that is almost exactly the product of the shape of
the resonance curve of the secondary circuit.

EC-303.71 to 72 32
• At low coefficients of coupling, the curve of secondary
currents is particularly sharp.

• As coupling increases the primary current curve

becomes broader, making the secondary curve less
sharp and the amplitude of the curve increases.

• When coefficient coupling reaches the critical value, the

secondary current has the maximum value.

• As the coupling is increased beyond the critical value

the secondary current peak splits into two peaks.

EC-303.71 to 72 33
• The voltage developed across the capacitor in the secondary

is equal to the reactance of the capacitor times the secondary

current.

• The curve of voltage developed across the capacitor has the

same shape as the curve secondary current.

EC-303.71 to 72 34
Applications of coupled circuits:-

2. In broadcast receivers, television receivers, tuned

circuits are used. They are used to couple the antenna
to the RF stage.
3. They are used as interstage coupling elements.
4. Isolation of I/P circuit from O/P circuit can be achieved
using coupled circuits.
5. Double tuned circuits can be used as band pass filters.
6. Single tuned circuits can be used as band rejection
filters.

EC-303.71 to 72 35
Problems

EC-303.71 to 72 36
1. Consider the single tuned circuit shown in
fig 4.18-19.7and determine

(i) the resonant frequency

(ii) the output voltage at resonance
(iii) the maximum output voltage.
Assume RS>>ωL1, and K = 0.9

10Ω M 10Ω

1µH 100µH 0.1µF Vo

Fig 4.18-19.7
EC-303.71 to 72 37
 Solution:-
M = K L1L 2 = 9 µH

(i) Resonance frequency:

6
1 10
ω= = rad / sec
L 2C 10
fr = 50.292 KHz

The value of ωL1=0.316

thus the assumption ωL1<<Rs is justified.

EC-303.71 to 72 38
(ii) Output voltage

MVi
VO = = 1.5mV
C ( RPRS + ω M )
2 2

(iii) Maximum value of output voltage

E
VOM = = 23.7V
2ωCS RSRP

EC-303.71 to 72 39
1. The resonant frequency of the tuned circuit
shown in fig 4.18-19.8 is 1000 rad/sec. calculate
the self inductances of the two coils and the
optimum value of the mutual inductance.

1µF
5Ω 3Ω

VS L1 L2
2µF

Fig 4.18-19.8

EC-303.71 to 72 40
 Solution
we know that

1 1
r  
L1C1 L 2C 2
1
L1  2  1H
 rC1
1
L2   0.5 H
C
2
2
r

• Optimum value of the mutual inductance is given by

RSRP
Moptimum = = 3.87 mH
ωr
EC-303.71 to 72 41
Assignment problems:-
 Find the voltage across 500f capacitor in the circuit
shown below fig 4.18-19.9 and L1=200 mH, L2=150 mH
and K=0.1

100 150

10 sin100t L1 L2 500f

fig 4.18-19.9

EC-303.71 to 72 42
2. The tuned frequency of a double tuned circuit shown in fig
4.18-19.10 is 104 rad/sec. If the source voltage is 2 V and
has a resistance of 0.1, calculate the maximum output
voltage at resonance if R1=0.01 , L1=2H; R2=0.1  ,
and L2= 25  H.

M
R1 C1 R2

C2

fig 4.18-19.10

EC-303.71 to 72 43
 Quiz

EC-303.71 to 72 44
1. In a untuned primary and tuned secondary
the coupled impedance varies with
frequencies in the same way as

(a) Series resonant circuit.

(b) Parallel resonant circuit.

(c) None

Answer: (b)

EC-303.71 to 72 45
• In a single tuned circuit the phase shift
between input voltage and output
current varies over a range of

(a) 0

(b) 90

(c) 180

Answer:- (c)

EC-303.71 to 72 46
1. In a double tuned circuit the coefficient of
coupling is small, the effect of reflected
impedance is

(a) Infinite

(b) Negligible

(c) One

(d) None

Answer:- (b)

EC-303.71 to 72 47
4. In a double tuned circuit, at K=KC the
effect of primary and secondary currents are

(a) Primary and secondary current is maximum.

(b) Primary current is maximum and secondary
current is minimum.
(c) Primary current has two peaks and
secondary current is maximum.
(d) Primary current is maximum and secondary
current has two peaks.

Answer:- (c)

EC-303.71 to 72 48
• In a double tuned circuit, at K>>KC the
effect of primary and secondary currents
are
(a) Double humps observed in both Ip and Is.

(b) Double humps observed in only Ip.

(c) Double humps observed in only Is.

(d) None.

Answer:- (a)

EC-303.71 to 72 49
6. In a double tuned circuit, if we observe
Ip Vs frequency curve, at resonance
the coupled impedance is
(a) Resistive in nature.

(b) Capacitive in nature.

(c) Inductive in nature.

(d) None.

Answer:- (a)

EC-303.71 to 72 50
7. The double tuned circuit which are over
coupled can be used as

(a) HPF

(b) LPF

(c) BPF

(d) None.

Answer:- (c)

EC-303.71 to 72 51
Summary

We have discussed about

• Significance of reflected impedance in single tuned

circuit.

• Nature of reflected impedance,secondary current and

output voltage.

• Significance of reflected impedance in doubled tuned

circuit in different degrees of coupling.

• Reasons for the formation of double humps.

• Problems on above topic.

EC-303.71 to 72 52
Frequently asked questions:-
1. Explain the significance of reflected impedance in
single tuned circuit.

2. Explain the significance of reflected impedance in

double tuned circuit for different degrees of
coupling ?

3. Derive an expression for the reflected impedance of

a double tuned circuit ?

4. Write the reasons for the formation of double humps

in double tuned circuit with a neat waveforms ?
EC-303.71 to 72 53