Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4.1
Module 4a
Concepts
4.2
Introduction
Numerous technologies and policies exist to reduce GHG emissions. Significant technical progress has been made in the last 5 years in areas such as wind turbines, hybrid engine cars, underground CO2 storage, etc. But significant barriers exist. Barriers add to the cost of implementation, and reduce the realizable potential Barriers can be technical, economic, political, cultural, social, behavioral and institutional.
Potential Global GHG Emission Reductions
Sector Potential emission Potential emission reductions in 2010 reductions in 2020 (MtCeq/yr) (MtCeq/yr) 700 750 100 300 1000 - 1100 300 - 700
Buildings Transport Industry -energy efficiency: -material efficiency: -non-CO2 gases: Agriculture Waste Montreal Protocol replacement apps Energy supply and conversion Total
Mitigation Potential
A barrier is any obstacle to reaching a potential that can be overcome by a policy, programme, or measure. An opportunity is a situation or circumstance to decrease the gap between the market potential of a technology or practice and the economic, socioeconomic, or technological potential. Barriers and opportunities tend to be context-specific, and can change over time and vary across countries. Policies, programmes, and measures may be used to help overcome barriers.
4.6
Module 4b
Sectoral Barriers
4.8
Sectors Considered
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Buildings Transport Industry Energy Supply Forestry Solid Waste Agriculture
4.9
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.16
Module 4c
Overcoming Barriers
4.17
Overcoming Barriers
Overcoming barriers requires a wide variety of policies, measures and instruments. Removal of barriers during capital stock turnover and periods of rapid social change can minimize disruption and mitigation costs. National responses to climate change can be more effective if deployed as a portfolio of policy instruments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Effectiveness can be enhanced when climate policies are integrated with the non-climate objectives of national and sectoral policy development (e.g., sustainable development). Coordinated actions among countries and sectors may help to reduce mitigation cost, address competitiveness concerns, potential conflicts with international trade rules, and carbon leakage. Nevertheless, earlier actions, including a portfolio of emissions mitigation, technology development and reduction of scientific uncertainty, increase flexibility in moving towards stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
4.18
International co-ordination can address competitiveness, international trade rules, and leakage Setting appropriate macro-conditions can contribute more to mitigation than improving sectoral policies, measures, and instruments. IPCC shows a major gap in research: few studies identify barriers and ways to overcome them, or estimate the cost of their removal.
4.20
4.21
4.22
Missing markets (market creation) Distorted prices (rationalization of prices, environmental regulations and taxes) Financial market imperfections (sector reform or restructuring of economy) Constraints of official development assistance (ODA) (removing tied aid and/or better targeting of ODA)
Tariffs on imported equipment and restrictive regulations (rationalization of customs tariffs) Circumstances requiring rapid payback (fuel subsides) Weaknesses of suppliers in market research (form associations to support market research) Transactions costs Inadequate property rights (improve land tenure) Misplaced incentives Distorted incentives Public goods nature of information (increase public associations) Adoption externality (build demonstration projects) Inadequate consideration of human motivations and goals in climate mitigation (modify social behaviour) Individual habits (targeted advertising) Institutional structure and design (restructuring of firms) National policy styles (shifting balance of authority) Lack of effective regulatory agencies (informal regulation) Long time and high transaction costs for small projects (pooling of projects)
Financing
Institutional frameworks
Information provision
Remarks in parenthesis indicate opportunities, e.g., missing markets denote an opportunity for the creation of markets.
Buildings
Voluntary programs Building efficiency standards Equipment efficiency standards Demand-side management (DSM) programs Financing programs Government procurement Tax credits Accelerated R&D Carbon cap and trade schemes
4.24
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
Module 4c
Examining Barriers During a Mitigation Assessment
4.31
4.32
4.33