DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
NAME : P.KUMAR BABU.
DESIGNATION : LECTURER IN E.C.E.
BRANCH : ELECTRONICS & COMMU. Engg.
INSTITUTION : G.P.W, SURYAPET.
YEAR/SEMESTER : III Sem
SUBJECT : ELECTRONICS-I.
SUBJECT CODE : EE-305.
TOPIC : SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES.
DURATION : 50 min.
SUB TOPIC : FORMATION OF PNP&NPN
TRANSISTORS.
TEACHING AIDS : PPT,ANIMATION,PHOTOS.
EE305.18 1
RECAP
• How the emitter of transistor is doped.

• To operate the transistor as an amplifier in which region

we have to operate the transistor.

• If we operate the transistor in cut-off and saturation

regions how the transistor behaves.

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 NPN and PNP Transistors

C
C

B
B
E

E
ARROW INDICATES WHAT?

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 B
E C

N P N

HOW THE BASE REGION LOOKS LIKE FOR THE

TRANSISTOR

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• We know that there are two types of transistors.

• They are operated in active, cut-off, inverted and

saturated regions.

• The direction of arrow on the emitter terminal indicates

the current flow direction of transistor.

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OBJECTIVES

Upon the completion of this period the student

will be able to know

• Formation of NPN transistor.

• Working of NPN transistor.

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 REGIONS OF TRANSISTOR

Emitter Base Collector

Figure 1

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FORMATION OF NPN TRANSISTOR

E C
N P N

Figure 2

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FORMATION OF NPN TRANSISTOR

• P-type layer is sandwitched between two N-type layers.

• Three terminals are attached to the three layers.

• The centre layer is known as Base and the other two

layers are called Emitter and Collector.

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WORKING OF NPN TRANSISTOR

• Operate the transistor in active region.

• The electrons from emitter are emitted in to base due to

the negative potential applied at the emitter.

• These emitted electrons results emitter current IE.

• The positive voltage applied at the collector, collects the

electrons emitted by the emitter results in collector
current IC.

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• The emitted electrons travel to collector through the base
region.

• Some electrons recombine with holes in the base region

results in base current IB.

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NPN TRANSISTOR WORKING IN ACTIVE MODE

Figure 3
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EXPLANATION BY TAKING FEW CHARGE
CARRIERS
• Charge carriers are numbered from 1 to 8 for example.

• Electrons 1,2,3,and4 cross from emitter to base and

hole7 from base to the emitter. these constitute to
emitter current IE.

• The movement of hole8 from collector region and

electron5 from the base region constitute leakage
current ICBO.

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• Electron3 is recombining with the hole6 in the base
region and hole7 crosses the emitter junction these
charge carriers cause base current IB.

• The electrons emitted in to the base region, few

electrons recombine in base region. Rest of the
electrons move to the collector causing collector current
IC.

• The emitter current is sum of collector current and base

current. IE=IB+IC

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SUMMARY

We have discussed about

• Formation of NPN transistor.

• Working of NPN transistor.

• Action of a transistor.

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 QUIZ
The main current crossing the collector junction in
a normally biased NPN transistor is
(a) A drift current

(c) A diffusion current

(c) A hole current

(d) Equal to base current

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A transistor-terminal current is considered positive if

(a) The electrons flow out of the transistor at the terminal

(c) The current is due to the flow of holes only

(e) The current is due to the flow of electrons only

(d) The current flows in to the transistor terminal.

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In a transistor with normal bias, the emitter junction

(a) Has high resistance

(c) Has low resistance

(e) Is reverse-biased

(g) Emits such carriers in to the base region which

are in majority in the base

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Frequently asked questions

• Explain the working of NPN transistor.

• Explain the function of the emitter in the operation of a

junction transistor.

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