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Introduction to statistics Introduction to statistics
O Stat|st|cs CollecLlon of meLhods for plannlng experlmenLs obLalnlng daLa and
Lhen organlzlng summarlzlng presenLlng analyzlng lnLerpreLlng and drawlng
concluslons
O Stat|st|c CharacLerlsLlc or measure obLalned from a sample eg mean varlance
Chlsquare sLaLlsLlc LLesL sLaLlsLlc eLc
O Stat|st|cs
2 Lypes of sLaLlsLlcs
scr|pt|v used Lo say someLhlng abouL a seL of lnformaLlon collecLed
rt|a| used Lo make predlcLlons or comparlsons abouL a larger group
uslng lnformaLlon gaLhered abouL a small parL of populaLlon eg hypoLhesls
LesLlng sLaLlsLlcal analysls eLc
O J uss stat|st|cs?
1here are many dlfference lndusLrles use sLaLlsLlcal Lechnlque
rlvaLe secLor markeLlng accounLlng quallLy conLrol consumers eLc
CovernmenL secLor admlnlsLraLlon educaLors pollLlclans physlclans eLc
ln applled sLaLlsLlcs of blologlcal sclences we call lL as 8lostotlstlcs
O J stud stat|st|cs r rsarc?
1o descrlbe sample slze
1o compare dlfferenL groups
1o LesL hypoLhesls
Cl CCu8SL Lo publlsh our research!!
O Surc data
kepL records
Archlve daLa eg hosplLal records admlnlsLraLlon
Surveys
SLudles and experlmenLs
8eporLs llLeraLure revlews and [ournals
O 9pu|at| vs samp|
WlLhouL daLa sLaLlsLlcal analysls cannoL be done
opulaLlon Lo represenL all posslble measuremenLs or ouLcomes LhaL are of
lnLeresL Lo us ln parLlcular sLudy
Sample a porLlon of Lhe populaLlon LhaL ls represenLaLlve of Lhe populaLlon
from whlch lL was selecLed
N hLLp//www2cedarcresLedu/academlc/blo/hale/blosLaL/sesslon2llnks/popsamhLml
O pdt V
varlables whose values you wlsh Lo
predlcL/ summarlze
Also known as response/ouLcomes
varlable
`y` axls
$tatisticaI variabIes $tatisticaI variabIes
O dpdt V
varlables on whlch Lhe dependenL
varlables `depend` on
Also known as explanaLory/predlcLors
varlable
`x` axls
varlables may be classlfled as elLher quanLlLaLlve or quallLaLlve
O ;uat|tat|v daLa (numerlcal)
measures elLher muc or ma of someLhlng le a seL of observaLlons where any slngle
observaLlon ls a number LhaL represenLs an amut or a cut
O ;ua||tat|v daLa (caLegorlcal)
|ab|s or ams for caLegorles of llke lLems le a seL of observaLlons where any slngle observaLlon
ls a word or code LhaL represenLs a c|ass or catr eg shorL Lall
'ariabIes 'ariabIes
;ua||tat|v data ca b d|v|dd |t
O -m|a| var|ab|s varlables wlLh |rt rdr r ra| suc
O eg
Sex 1 male 2 female
8ace 1 Malay 2 Chlnese 3 lndlan 4 CLhers
O rd|a| var|ab|s varlables wlLh an rdrd sr|s
O eg
lkerL scale 1 otly Jlsllk 2 moJotly Jlsllk J loJlffot 4 moJotly llk 5 otly
llk
SL sLaLus 1 ow 2 Medlum 3 Plgh
"uaIitative Data "uaIitative Data
;uat|tat|v data ca b d|v|dd |t
O trva| var|ab|s
Lqually spaced varlables eg tmpoto 1he dlfference beLween a LemperaLure of 66 degrees and
67 degrees ls Laken Lo be Lhe same as Lhe dlfference beLween 76 degrees and 77 degrees lnLerval
varlables d t av a tru zr eg 88 degrees ls noL necessarlly double Lhe LemperaLure of 44
degrees
|scrt var|ab|s 1he seL of all posslble values whlch conslsLs only of lsolaLed polnLs eg counLlng
varlables ( 2 J )
t|uus var|ab|s 1he seL of all values whlch conslsLs of lnLervals eg 22 eLc
O at| var|ab|s varlables spaced equal lnLervals wlLh a tru zr p|t eg o
"uantitative Data "uantitative Data
O atr|ca| ata
ruc r r|at|v ruc ()
ruc tabu|at|s
Grap|ca| tabu|at|s
N ar graph/charLs
N le charLs
O -umr|ca| ata
Masurs tra| 1dc
N Mean Medlan Mode
Masurs |sprs|
N varlance sLandard devlaLlon
N Max mln range lnLer quarLlle range (C3 C1)
Grap|ca| prstat|
N PlsLogram represenL of lnformaLlon shape and dlsLrlbuLlons of sample
N olygon dlsplays daLa uslng llnes Lo connecL polnLs ploLLed for frequencles
N SLem and leaf
N lne graphs show changes of values wlLh Llme
N ox ploL use descrlpLlve sLaLlsLlcs based on percenLlles
Describing data Describing data
O Samp|| ls Lhe process of selecLlng unlLs (eg people organlzaLlons) from a
populaLlon of lnLeresL so LhaL by sLudylng Lhe sample we may falrly generallze our
resulLs back Lo Lhe populaLlon from whlch Lhey were chosen
O eLs begln by coverlng some of Lhe key Lerm ln sampllng llke populaLlon and
sampllng frame 1hen because some Lypes of sampllng rely upon quanLlLaLlve
models well Lalk abouL some of Lhe sLaLlsLlcal Lerms used ln sampllng
O llnally well dlscuss Lhe ma[or dlsLlncLlon beLween probablllLy and nonprobablllLy
sampllng meLhods
Definition of $ampIing Definition of $ampIing
Sampllng
Probablllty
Slmple
ranoom
Systematlc
ranoom
Stratltleo
ranoom
Cluster Multl-stage
Non-
probablllty
Quota convenlent
$ampIing Method $ampIing Method
O adm
Sampllng ln whlch Lhe daLa ls collecLed uslng chance meLhods or random
numbers
1o selecL o unlLs ouL of N such LhaL each
N
c
o
has an equal chance of belng
selecLed
O Sstmat|c
Sampllng ln whlch daLa ls obLalned by selecLlng every kLh ob[ecL
number Lhe unlLs ln Lhe populaLlon from 1 Lo n
declde on Lhe n (sample slze) LhaL you wanL or need
k n/n Lhe lnLerval slze
randomly selecL an lnLeger beLween 1 Lo k
Lhen Lake every k
Lh
unlL
$ampIing $ampIing
Cont..
O Strat||d
Sampllng ln whlch Lhe populaLlon ls dlvlded lnLo groups (called sLraLa) accordlng
Lo some characLerlsLlc Lach of Lhese sLraLa ls Lhen sampled uslng one of Lhe
oLher sampllng Lechnlques
ulvlde Lhe populaLlon lnLo nonoverlapplng groups (le stoto) n
1
n
2
n
3

n
l
such LhaL n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
+ + n
l
n 1hen do a slmple random sample of f
n/n ln each sLraLa
O |ustr
Sampllng ln whlch Lhe populaLlon ls dlvlded lnLo groups (usually geographlcally)
Some of Lhese groups are randomly selecLed and Lhen all of Lhe elemenLs ln
Lhose groups are selecLed
dlvlde populaLlon lnLo clusLers (usually along geographlc boundarles)
randomly sample clusLers
measure all unlLs wlLhln sampled clusLers
(all Lhe above meLhods have a known probablllLy funcLlon)
$ampIing $ampIing
Cont..
O v|c
Sampllng ln whlch daLa ls whlch ls readlly avallable ls used Lhe probablllLy of
belng selecLed as a sample ls unknown (nonprobablllLy funcLlon)
$ampIing $ampIing
TE5T PARAMETRlC NON-PARAMETRlC
Comparlng 2 means |noepenoent 9-test Mann-Wbltney test
Comparlng >2 means One-way ANOvA Kruskal-Wallls test
Comparlng 2 means
(oepenoent)
Palreo 9test
Wllcoon slgneo-ranks
test
!arametric and Nonparametric !arametric and Nonparametric
Methods Methods
O SLaLlsLlcal meLhods whlch depend on Lhe parameLers of populaLlons or
probablllLy dlsLrlbuLlons and are referred Lo as paramtr|c mtds
O arameLrlc LesLs lnclude
ttst
A-VA
rss|
rr|at| (9ars)
O 1hese LesLs are only meanlngful for conLlnuous daLa whlch ls sampled from a
populaLlon wlLh an underlylng rma| d|str|but| or whose dlsLrlbuLlon can be
rdrd rma| b matmat|ca| trasrmat|
!arametric Methods !arametric Methods
O -paramtr|c mtds requlre fewer assumpLlons abouL a populaLlon or
probablllLy dlsLrlbuLlon and are appllcable ln a wlder range of slLuaLlons
MeLhods used wlLh ua||tat|v daLa
o
MeLhods used wlLh uat|tat|v daLa when assumpt| ca b mad abut
t ppu|at| prbab|||t d|str|but|
O nonparameLrlc meLhods are useful ln slLuaLlons where Lhe assumpLlons requlred
by parameLrlc meLhods appear quesLlonable A few of Lhe more commonly used
nonparameLrlc meLhods lnclude
|suard tst M91A-1
J||c s|dra tst
MaJ|tJ||c tst
Sparma ra crr|at| c|c|t
Nonparametric methods Nonparametric methods
Paranetric Methods Paranetric Methods
Cne sample LLesL
1wo samples/lndependenL LLesL
alred LLesL
Cneway AnCvA
1woway AnCvA
earson CorrelaLlon
O @o tst wbtb o sompl moo slolflcootly Jlffs fom o bypotbslzJ volo
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose mpar Mas
O Choose Samp| 11st
O 1st var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlable LhaL you wanL from Lhe source llsL
O Ld|t t 1st va|u Lhe LesL value of Lhe mean under null hypoLhesls
O Choose
ne sampIe t ne sampIe t- -test test
O @o compo tb moos of o oomollty JlstlbotJ lotvol JpoJot volobl fo
two loJpoJot oops
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose mpar Mas
O Choose dpdtsamp|s 11st
O 1st var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlables LhaL you wanL from Lhe source llsL hlghllghL
boLh and drag Lhem lnLo nexL Lhe wlndow 8epeaL Lhe process unLll you have
selecLed all Lhe varlables you wanL
O Grup| var|ab| selecL Lhe varlable whlch deflnes Lhe groups
O Choose | rups Croup 1 tr t cd va|u 1
Croup 2 tr t cd va|u 2
O Choose
%o %o- -$ampIe @ $ampIe @
Independent t Independent t- -test test
O @o cbck wbtb moos oo two oomolly JlstlbotJ lotvol volobls Jlff fom
oo oootb(som sompl$p ooJ post sltootloo)
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose mpar Mas
O Choose 9a|rdsamp|s 11st
O 9a|rd var|ab|s(s)selecL Lwo palred varlables LhaL you wanL from Lhe source llsL
hlghllghL boLh and drag Lhem lnLo nexL Lhe wlndow
O Choose
4ssumptions need to be remembered
W ooJom sompls
W Obsvotloos o JpoJot (p post Joto)
W @b Jlffocs o oomolly JlstlbotJ
W 5ompl slz ls bl (J)
!aired t !aired t- -test test
O @o compo two o mo moos fom two o mo loJpoJot sompls
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose mpar Mas
O Choose Ja A-VA
O pdt var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlables you wanL Lo use Lo compare Lhe
groups from Lhe source llsL ?ou could run mulLlple oneway AnCvA by selecLlng
more Lhan one dependenL varlable
O actr selecL Lhe varlable whlch deflnes Lhe groups
O Choose
ne ne- -Way AN'A Way AN'A
Cont..
4ssumptions need to be remembered
W ooJom sompls
W Obsvotloos o loJpoJot
W @b Jlffocs o oomolly JlstlbotJ
W 5ompl slz ls bl (J)
W lop voloocs o oot Jlffot omoo oops os lvos tst
ne ne- -Way AN'A Way AN'A
O @o compo two o mo moos fom two o mo loJpoJot sompls (foctos)
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose Gra| L|ar Md|
O Choose D|var|at
O pdt var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlables you wanL Lo use Lo compare Lhe groups
from Lhe source llsL ?ou could run mulLlple oneway AnCvA by selecLlng more Lhan
one dependenL varlable
O |d actr selecL Lwo varlable(s) whlch deflnes Lhe groups
O Choose 9|t Lhen drag one by one actr Lo Sparat L|s and nr|zta| A|s and
cllck Add
O lf flnlsh Lhen cllck t|u
O Choose pt| mark scr|pt|v Stat|st|cs
O Choose
%o %o- -Way AN'A / Way AN'A /
FactoriaI AN'A FactoriaI AN'A
Cont..
O @o look oo ffct of oo o mo loJpoJot volobls oo svol
JpoJot volobls ot tb som tlm
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose Gra| L|ar Md|
O Choose Mu|t|var|at
O pdt var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlables you wanL Lo use Lo compare Lhe
groups from Lhe source llsL ?ou could run mulLlple oneway AnCvA by selecLlng
more Lhan one dependenL varlable
O |d actr selecL one predlcLor/varlable whlch deflnes Lhe groups
O Choose pt| selecL bsrvd pr
O Choose
ne ne- -Way MAN'A Way MAN'A
O @o look oo ffct of oo o mo loJpoJot volobls oo svol
JpoJot volobls ot tb som tlm
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose Gra| L|ar Md|
O Choose Mu|t|var|at
O pdt var|ab|s(s)selecL Lhe varlables you wanL Lo use Lo compare Lhe
groups from Lhe source llsL ?ou could run mulLlple oneway AnCvA by selecLlng
more Lhan one dependenL varlable
O |d actr selecL Lwo or more predlcLors/varlables whlch deflnes Lhe groups
O Choose 9st nc drag actr lnLo t |d SelecL S-
O Choose pt| selecL scr|pt|v Aa|s|s and m|t tsts
O Choose
%o %o- -Way MAN'A Way MAN'A
Non Non- -Paranetric Methods Paranetric Methods
MannWhlLney LesL
Wllcoxon Slgnedrank LesL
kruskal Wallls LesL
ChlSquare LesL
Spearman 8ank CorrelaLlon
O @o compo 2 moos bot ltb oomollty ossomptloos o ool volooc
ossomptloo ls oot mt
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose -paramtr|c 1sts
O Choose 2 dpdt Samp|s
O 1st var|ab|s(s)selecL Lwo palred varlables LhaL you wanL from Lhe
source llsL hlghllghL boLh and drag Lhem lnLo nexL Lhe wlndow
O Grup| Var|ab| selecL Lhe varlable whlch deflnes Lhe grouplng and lL
musL be a numerlc
O Choose | rups Croup 1 tr t cd va|u 1
Croup 2 tr t cd va|u 2
O Choose t|u Lo reLurn Lo 1wo lndependenL Samples dlalog box
O Choose MaJ|t D as Lhe 1esL 1ype
O Choose
Mann Mann- -Whitney %est Whitney %est
O @o compo tb moos of o oomollty JlstlbotJ lotvol JpoJot volobl fo
two loJpoJot oops
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose -paramtr|c 1sts
O Choose 2 |atd Samp|s
O 1st 9a|r(s) L|st selecL Lwo palred varlables you wanL from Lhe source llsL
O Choose S| or J||c as Lhe 1esL 1ype
O Choose
WiIcoxon WiIcoxon $igned $igned- -Rank %est Rank %est
O o ooopoomtlc tst osJ to compo tb o mo moos
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose -paramtr|c 1sts
O Choose dpdt Samp|s
O 1st Var|ab|(s) selecL Lhe varlables you wanL from Lhe source llsL 8epeaL unLll
flnlsh
O Grup| Var|ab| selecL Lhe varlable whlch deflnes Lhe grouplng
O Choose | a
O Ltr t sma||st]|arst umr|c cd va|u on Lhe blank box nexL Lo
Mlnlmum/Maxlmum 1hen t|u
O Choose rusa|Ja|||s as Lhe 1esL 1ype
O Choose
ruskaI ruskaI- -WaIIis %est WaIIis %est
O compolo two o mo popotloos
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose scr|pt|v Stat|st|cs
O Choose rsstab
O (s) selecL Lhe varlables you wanL from Lhe source llsL 8epeaL unLll flnlsh
O |um(s) selecL Lhe varlables you wanL from Lhe source llsL 8epeaL unLll flnlsh
O Choose ||s
O Choose Lhe || va|us Lhen t|u
O Choose Stat|st|cs
O Choose ChlSquare Lhen t|u
O Choose
hi hi- -$6uare %est $6uare %est
O ,osos stotb ooJ Jlctloo of ossoclotloo lo colotloo
O @wo typs of colotloo cofflclots
losoo poJoctmomot loomtlc
5pomoo ook ooopoomtlc
S1L9S
O Choose Aa|z from menu bar
O Choose rr|at
O Choose |var|at
O varlable (s) S|ct t var|ab|s from Lhe source llsL
O Choose 9ars or/and Sparma
O Choose 1ta||d as t 1st S|||cac
O Choose
orreIation oefficient orreIation oefficient
$tatisticaI
oncIusion
Research
"uestion
Data
oIIection
$tatisticaI
"uestion
Research
oncIusion
orrect %echni6ues orrect %echni6ues