COURSE SEMINAR

SACHCHIDANAND SINGH
n|gh||ght
P Introduction
P History of Vegetable Hybrids
P Solanaceae family and their characteristics
P Floral biology of solanaceous crops
P Types of Hybrid
P Heterosis
P Steps for Hybrid Development
P Measurement of Combining Ability
P Hybrid seed production techniques in Solanaceous vegetables
P Advantages of Hybrid Varieties
P Conclusion
Solanaceous ciops aie geneially self pollinaied bui cioss pollinaiion
do occuis. Selfing is done io develop inbied lines. Tlese inbied lines
aie fuiilei deployed foi maling diallel oi maling line iesiei ciosses.
In many self pollinaied ciops, lybiid vaiieiies yields :-o % moie
ilan ile puie line. As a iesuli, iley aie becoming populai among ile
faimei despiie ile ligl cosi of lybiid seeds.
In leiiosis bieeding, lnowledge of combining abiliiy, gene aciion
and ielaiive amouni of addiiive and non-addiiive componenis of
geneiic vaiiance pieseni in cioss combinaiion lelp io deieimine ile
feasibiliiy of iis uiilizaiion and ideniificaiion of besi combineis.
Tle main goal of ieseaicl on solanaceous vegeiables in India is io
impiove pioduciiviiy on susiainable basis iliougl developing bioiic
and abioiic iesisiani vaiieiy]lybiid coupled wiil qualiiy aiiiibuies.
Tle yield poieniial of solanaceous vegeiables could be incieased by
adopiing Fi lybiids, siandaidized agio-ieclniques and plani
pioieciion measuies.
HIstory oI VegetabIe HybrIds
In India, cvcn iIougI iIc firsi rcori of Iylrid vigour
in cIillics camc in 1933 from Indian Agriculiural
FcscarcI Insiiiuic. TIc firsi F1 Iylrid of iomaio and
casicum was availallc for commcrcial culiivaiion
only in 1973. Sincc iIcn, iIcrc Ias lccn an incrcasing
inicrcsi in growing Iylrids in vcgciallc cros among
iIc Indian farmcrs.
TIc firsi F1 Iylrid of iomaio (Karnaiala} and
casicum (DIarai} wcrc rclcascd for commcrcial
culiivaiion in 1973 ly a rivaic sccd comany M/s
Indo-Amcrican Hylrid Sccds followcd ly 28 oiIcr
Hylrids in 9 vcgciallc cros.
Solanaceae family
Lycopersicon (fomofo)
Cupsicum (sweef peppers, chiIIi)
SoIunum { EggpIonf)
Solanaceae : Keys to genera
O Fruii indcIisccni, a lcrry.
O AniIcrs connivcni in a conc, longcr iIan iIc filamcnis.
O AniIcr dcscing ly aical orcs or sIori sliis, lcavcs cniirc,
lolcd or innaiifid . $4,3:2
O AniIcr dcIiscing ly longiiudinal sliis, iIc iis cmiy, lcavcs
innaicscci . .45078.43
O AniIcr noi connivcni in a conc, noi longcr iIan iIc filamcnis,
dcIiscing ly laicral sliis . ,58.:2
Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Solanaceae Solanaceae
Flower: small to large S showy, perfect
Fruit: berry with many seeds. Often colorful
and animal dispersed
#ollination: self or insectpollinated
Commonly contain alkaloids, of which tropane
alkaloids are particularly poisonous (Belladonna
sp.)
|ora| b|o|ogy of 1omato
O 3tbesIs 6-S a.m.
O MaxImum IIower ope3I3g ?-S a.m.
O DebIsce3ce 9-11a.m.
O StIgma receptIvIty t tbe tIme oI
a3tbesIs
Figure . AnatomicaI detaiIs of a compIete tomato fIower
and fIeshy fruit (berry)
ame oI HybrId
VarIety
I3stItuteJCompa3y CbaracterIstIcs
RupaII
Indo-Amcrican
Hylrid Sccds Co.
Fruiis arc round, aiiraciivcly lrigIi rcd colour wiiI iigIi slin. TIcsc arc
suItabIe Ior dIsta3t market. TIis variciy is of 4 moniIs duraiion.
mogb
NamdIari Sccds
Pvi.Lid.
Dangalorc
TIis variciics suiiallc for casi and souiI India. Fruiis arc rcady for
icling aficr 75-80 days of iranslaniing, round fruiis wcigIing 75-80
gram, TSS fruii juicc is 5.0-5.2 lri.
Pusa HybrId 1
IAFI, Ncw DclIi Fruiis arc round wiiI iIicl slin and lcss juicy. Avcragc wcigIi is 60 gram.
Ii is vcry suItabIe u3der tbe bIgb temperature oI U.P. tbat Is 40
0
C oI
day a3d 2S
0
C durI3g 3Igbt. WIcrc oiIcr variciics cannoi wiiI siand
undcr iIcsc condiiions. Avcragc yicld is 32 ionncs cr Icciarc.
Pusa HybrId 2
IAFI, Ncw DclIi Fruiis arc flai round Iaving iIicl slin and avcragc wcigIi 80 gram.
Avcragc yicld is 55 ionncs Icciarc and suiiallc for disiani marlci wiiIoui
damagc. It Is resIsta3t to 3ematode.
Pusa HybrId 4
IAFI, Ncw DclIi Fruiis arc aiiraciivc round Iaving iIicl slin and ricd cqually. Avcragc
wcigIi is 70-80 gram iIis is suItabIe Ior tbe areas bavI3g probIem oI
rootk3ot 3ematode.
rka Sbresbta
IIHF, Dangalorc Fruiis arc round, iIicl wiiI dcc rcd colour Iaving avcragc wcigIi 75
gram and ul is rcd and can lc siorcd uio a wccl suiiallc for disiani
marlci. ResIsta3t to bacterIaI wIIt avcragc yicld is 700 quinial cr
Icciarc.
rkaVarda3
IIHF, Dangalorc Fruiis arc flai-round, iIicl dcc rcd Iaving avcragc wcigIi 140 gram,
rcsisiani io rooilnoi ncmaiodc. It Is recomme3ded Ior bIII regIo3s oI
Jammu KasbmIr, HImacbaI Pradesb, KeraIa & Uttara3cbaI.
VIsbaI rka
IIHF, Dangalorc Plani is irrcgular lcaring, fruiis arc round, iIicl, dcc rcd Iaving avcragc
wcigIi 140 gram. Tolcrani io fruii cracling. Fccommcndcd for Punjal,
DiIar, and Uiiar PradcsI. verage yIeId ?S0 quI3taI per bectare.
ybrids reIeased in tomato by private & pubIic sectors
|ora| b|o|ogy of 8r|n[a|
3tbesIs 3tbesIs ?.30 a.m. to 11 a.m. ?.30 a.m. to 11 a.m.
DebIsce3ce DebIsce3ce 9.30 a.m. to 10 a.m. 9.30 a.m. to 10 a.m.
StIgma receptIvIty StIgma receptIvIty t t tbe tIme oI tbe tIme oI a3tbesIs a3tbesIs
HeterostyIy
Lo3g Lo3g styIed wItb bIg sIze ovary styIed wItb bIg sIze ovary
MedIum MedIum styIed wItb medIum sIze ovary styIed wItb medIum sIze ovary
Pseudo Pseudo sbort styIed wItb rudIme3tary ovary sbort styIed wItb rudIme3tary ovary
True True sbort styIed wItb rudIme3tary ovary sbort styIed wItb rudIme3tary ovary
Krishnamurthi & Subramaniam, 1954

nybr|ds |n 8r|n[a|
ublic Secioi ublic Secioi
GAU (Anand) : ABH-i(SR), ABH-:(SR)
IARI (New Delli) : usa Hybiid-, usa Hybiid-
IIHR (Bangloie) : Aila Navneei
NDUAT (Faizabad) : NDBH-i, NDBH-
GBUA8T : ani Hybiid i
iivaie Secioi iivaie Secioi
Anlui : ARBH-:oi, AHB-:, AHB-
Indo-Ameiican : Suplal
MAHYCO : MHB-i, MHB-:, MHB-io, MHB-ii,
MHB-
Sumex : Sumex , Sumex i
Sungiow : Kanlaya, Navliian
Ceniuiy : Nisla, Vaidaan, Sliva
IoraI bIoIogy
CIillics
AniIcsis . 2 a.m. io 10 a.m.
DcIisccncc . 7 a.m. io 9.30 a.m.
Swcci Pccr
AniIcsis . 7.15 a.m. io 11.15 a.m.
DcIisccncc . 8 a.m.
Siigma rccciiviiy . 2 days aficr aniIcsis

nybr|ds |n Caps|cum
Pullic Sccior
IAFI (Kairain} . Ki-1 (Pusa Dccii}
Privaic Sccior
Indo-Amcrican . DIaraiI
NaiI . Hira
Sandoz . Indira, Lario
Suiion . Early Douniy

nybr|ds |n Ch||||
Pullic Sccior
PAU (LudIiana} . CH-1
Privaic Sccior
Hung Nong . DclIi Hoi, Hoi Crccn, Slylinc
MaIyco . Tcjaswini
Sandoj . Agni
Scoul . CIamion
C. penJulum C. onnuum
C.pubescens C. frutescens
C. sinense
4 viable cr4sses 4btained
Cr4sses made p4ssible 4nly by embry4 culture
P44rly cr4ss fertile
Cr4ss c4mpatible arr4 p4ints t4ards the maternal parent
Types oI HybrId Types oI HybrId
a) Single cross hybrid (A a) Single cross hybrid (AXXB) B)
b) Three way cross hybrid (A b) Three way cross hybrid (AXXB) B) XX C C
c) Double cross hybrid (A c) Double cross hybrid (AXXB) B) XX (C (CXXD) D)
d) Nodified single cross (A d) Nodified single cross (AXXA') A') XX B B
e) Double modified single cross (A e) Double modified single cross (AXXA') A') XX (B (BXXB') B')
f) Nodified three f) Nodified three way hybrid (A way hybrid (AXXB) B) XX (C (CXXC') C')
g) Top cross hybrid (!nbred g) Top cross hybrid (!nbred X X variety ) variety )
h) Double top cross hybrid (SC h) Double top cross hybrid (SC XX variety) variety)
neteros|s
Heieiosis Heieiosis iefeis io ile developmenial siimulaiion iefeis io ile developmenial siimulaiion
iesuliing fiom ile union of diffeieni gameies, wleieas, iesuliing fiom ile union of diffeieni gameies, wleieas,
lybiid lybiid vigoui vigoui denoies ile manifesi effoiis of denoies ile manifesi effoiis of leieiosis leieiosis
P P Causes Causes of of leieiosis leieiosis
Dominance Dominance
Oveidominance Oveidominance
Episiasis Episiasis
teps for nybr|d Deve|opment
O Developmeni of Inbied
O Tesiing ile combining abiliiy
a) Geneial Combining Abiliiy
b) Specific Combining Abiliiy
O ioduciion of F
i
lybiid seed
,easurement of Comb|n|ng Ab|||ty
O Top cioss meilod
O Single cioss meilod
ommerciaIIy unexpIoited mechanisms
Mecba3Ism Crops Remarks
Nuclcar malc
sicriliiy
Tomaio Monogcnic rcccssivc muiani
was uiilizcd io dcvclo cosi
cffcciivc ccrimcnial crosscs.
Incongruiiy Tomaio Modcls io iransfcr larricr
(incomaiililiiy lciwccn
ollcn & siigma} gcncs &
corrcsonding cnciraiion
gcncs wcrc dcmonsiraicd
Funciional
malc sicriliiy
Drinjal A monogcnic rcccssivc muiani
was idcniificd & rooscd for
commcrcial uiilizaiion.
nybr|d seed product|on techn|ques |n
o|anaceous vegetab|es
O mascuIatIo3 & poIII3atIo3
O Use oI maIe sterIIIty
O Use oI seII I3compatIbIIIty
O Use oI bIotecb3oIogy
,anua| emascu|at|on
po|||nat|on
P Emasculaiion 8 pollinaiion aie easy io peifoim.
P Moie seeds pei pollinaiion aie pioduced.
P iice of lybiid seed is economical in ielaiion io
ile cosi of manual lybiid seed pioduciion.
P Seed iaie is low.
Hybvid sccd pvoduction thvough EGMS !inc is
movc attvactivc bccausc oI thc casc in sccd
mu!tip!ication oI MS !inc
Sccds oI EGMS !inc can bc mu!tip!icd in
cnvivonmcnt whcvc it cxpvcsscs ma!c Icvti!ity
whi!c hybvid sccds can bc pvoduccd in othcv
cnvivonmcnt whcvc it cxpvcsscs ma!c stcvi!ity
&tiIization of GMS & EGMS
ExpIoitation of maIe steriIity in hybrid seed
production
p|o|tat|on of se|f |ncompat|b|||ty |n hybr|d seed
product|on

Sourcc
oulaiion
Sclfing iIrougI lud
ollinaiion for 5
gcncraiion

S S
1 1
S S
1 1
S S
2 2
S S
2 2
S S
1 1
S S
2 2
1
hybrid
1ypes of ,a|e ter|||ty |n 1omato
O ollen sieiile iype in wlicl pollen giains aie non-
funciional.
O Funciional male sieiiliiy in wlicl pollen aie funciional bui
floweis aie cleisiogamous wiil indelisceni anileis.
O Siamenless flowei.
O osiiional sieiiliiy (ioiiuding siigma).
Funciional male sieiiliiy las maximum advaniage 8 ilis
sieiiliiy was fiisi iepoiied in vai. }oln Baei by Laison 8
aui (ii).
tudy done at IAkI us|ng ma|e ster||e ma|e tudy done at IAkI us|ng ma|e ster||e ma|e
fert||e ||nes |n 1omato fert||e ||nes |n 1omato
P Time saved by male sieiile line was %.
P Aveiage fiuii sei by using male sieiile line was .%.
P Aveiage fiuii sei using male feiiile line was .o%.
P Hybiid seed cosi by using male sieiile line pei lg was Rs. ]-
P Hybiid seed cosi by using male feiiile line pei lg was Rs. i]-
# Teari, 1997
%omato
C4ntd
MaIe sterIIIty I3 soIa3aceous vegetabIes
GMS :
O Moie ilan male sieiile (ms) alleles causing spoiogenous,
siiuciuial 8 funciional male sieiiliiy (Kaul, i)
O ms-io

is linled wiil a iecessive mailei gene (a) iesponsible foi

absence of anilocyanin (Geoigiev,ii)
O Siamenless muiani sl-i 8 sl-:
O floweis wiiloui siamen ai ligl iempeiaiuie (:
o
C]:
o
C) wlile
ai low iempeiaiuie (i
o
C]i
o
C) pioduce flowei wiil
abnoimal siamen ( Sawlney,i)
O ms-i 8 ms- muianis (ai low iemp,<o
o
C associaied wiil
feiiiliiy iesioiaiion) (Sawlney,i)
Chromosomal location of some ms
genes in Tomato
Chromosome ms gene
ms-6, ms-32,
2 Ms-2, ms-5, ms-, ms-5, ms-26, ms-35, ps,
3 ms-9
4 sI
6 ms-6, ms-33, cI-2
8 ms-8, ms-, vms
ms-3
ms-3, ms-, ms-2, ms-4, ms-42, ms, ap
Kaul, 1988
,a|e ster|||ty |n so|anaceous vegetab|es
GMS :
Fiisi documenied by Maiiin 8 Giawfoid (ii)
Fiisi male sieiile plani was isolaied fiom an Indian accession
I -i (eieisan, i)
Di oclaid iniioduced ms-o line (Bell peppei) in AU
Ludliana 8 was iniiogiessed in clilli genoiypes viz, MS-i:,
MS-i 8 MS-i (Singl 8 Kaui, i)
Slifiiss 8 ilowsly (i) developed a digenic sysiem ms-ims-i,
ms-:ms-: X Ms-ims-i, Ms-:ms-:, wlicl yielded male sieiile
vs i feiiile piogenies due io complemeniaiy gene aciion.
MS-i: : fiisi commeicial male sieiile based clilli lybiid by ile
Indian public secioi (Kallo ei al, i)
hiIIi & Pepper
C4ntd
MaIe steriIity in MaIe steriIity in soIanaceous soIanaceous vegetabIes vegetabIes
MS
n Peters4n cyt4plasm, p4llen fertility rest4red under 23 n Peters4n cyt4plasm, p4llen fertility rest4red under 23
0 0
C & C &
17 17
0 0
C day & night temperature ( C day & night temperature (Shifriss Shifriss, 1997) , 1997)
Sterile cyt4plasm als4 4btained by back cr4ss pr4genies 4f Sterile cyt4plasm als4 4btained by back cr4ss pr4genies 4f
Capsicum Capsicum frutescens frutescens X C. annum X C. annum ( (Y44 Y44, 1990) , 1990)
Pepper
keasons for commerc|a| ep|o|tat|on of eet
pepper hybr|ds
P P SuIIiciently large Ilowers Iacilitates easy emasculation & SuIIiciently large Ilowers Iacilitates easy emasculation &
pollination. Pollen is abundant. pollination. Pollen is abundant.
P P Large number oI seeds obtained per pollination. Large number oI seeds obtained per pollination.
P P ManiIestation oI ManiIestation oI heterosis heterosis Ior yield & its components. Ior yield & its components.
P P The highly remunerative prices obtained Irom the produce. The highly remunerative prices obtained Irom the produce.
P P Response oI F Response oI F
11
s to better cultural practices, inputs & environment. s to better cultural practices, inputs & environment.
pplication of biotechnology in pplication of biotechnology in Solanaceous Solanaceous vegetables vegetables
CRO# CRO# F!ND!NCS F!ND!NCS REFERENCE REFERENCE
Tonuto Tonuto Huod Huod Ius Iccn succcssu Ius Iccn succcssu
uscd o dcucong nuc stcc uscd o dcucong nuc stcc
uc nc uc nc
amii amii ct u.l9SU ct u.l9SU
ScIcrcva ScIcrcva ct.u. ct.u.
l99U l99U
42% MS untJ4% nonu 42% MS untJ4% nonu
unt oItuncd I cutung unt oItuncd I cutung
cu.Honu ns lU cu.Honu ns lU
J5 J5
OanlI OanlI ct u.l9Sb ct u.l9Sb
Hnu
Huod unt oduccd I
untIc cutuc n cgg unt
Damusolc
Vaul,1982
CRO# F!ND!NCS REFERENCE
I und
cuscun
A ncu uuct HuIuu-
J dcucocd I n
Inu
Li Jiang
l99U
4 Ionozgous
csstunt nc o PVY
PVX
Sclassic ct u.
l9Sb
Cons|derat|on for nybr|d eed roduct|on
O Higlei peiceniage of auileniic seed
O eifeci geiminaiion qualiiy
O Low cosi piice
ffect|veness of

hybr|d depends on
O Colleciion, mainienance 8 paspoiiizaiion of paienial
line
O Inleiiiance of claiacieiisiics
O Seleciion of F
i
lybiids
O Seleciion of paienial line
O Tesiing of F
i
lybiids
ncreased yield ncreased yield
Early maturity (e.g. Tomato) Early maturity (e.g. Tomato)
Heat & cold tolerant Heat & cold tolerant
Disease resistant Disease resistant
Better uniIormity Better uniIormity
Better Iruit quality Better Iruit quality
Better transportability Better transportability
Better keeping quality Better keeping quality
Advantages of Hybrid Varieties Advantages of Hybrid Varieties
&$
S4lanace4us cr4ps are generally self p4llinated but cr4ss
p4llinati4n d4 4ccurs S4 that there is a ample sc4pe f4r the
inducing the hybrid vig4ur f4r the vari4us traits like maximum fruit
yield, earliness, insect-pest resistance, disease resistance and
4ther imp4rtant traits The area under 1 hybrids is gr4ing fast,
hich has helped t4 enhance the pr4ductivity and pr4ducti4n 4f
s4lanace4us vegetable n 4rder t4 step up the pr4ducti4n
p4tential, there is an urgent need t4 launch a dynamic breeding
pr4gramme t4 devel4p high yielding varieties/ hybrids suitable f4r
different agr4-climatic regi4ns