Hormones target specific ceIIs by recognizing specific receptors in the plasma membrane or with proteins inside the cell How the body responds depends on / blood levels of the hormone / Relative numbers of receptors on or in the target cell / Strength of the union between the hormone and its receptor hormones are usually secreted in small amounts and duration of effects vary.
Hormones target specific ceIIs by recognizing specific receptors in the plasma membrane or with proteins inside the cell How the body responds depends on / blood levels of the hormone / Relative numbers of receptors on or in the target cell / Strength of the union between the hormone and its receptor hormones are usually secreted in small amounts and duration of effects vary.
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Hormones target specific ceIIs by recognizing specific receptors in the plasma membrane or with proteins inside the cell How the body responds depends on / blood levels of the hormone / Relative numbers of receptors on or in the target cell / Strength of the union between the hormone and its receptor hormones are usually secreted in small amounts and duration of effects vary.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Chemical substances secreted by cells into extracellular fluid Function in regulation of metabolic activities of other body cells Most are amino-acid based hormones. Steroids are cholesterol based. Hormones target specific ceIIs by recognizing specific receptors in the plasma membrane or with proteins inside the cell How the body responds #esponse by the body depends on Blood levels of the hormone Relative numbers of receptors on or in the target cell Strength of the union between the hormone and its receptor Hormones are usually secreted in small amounts and duration of effects vary Stimuli that trigger hormone secretion %hree major types of stimuIi result in hormone secretion: 1. HumoraI levels of certain minerals, ions, etc. in the blood (ex. Calcium ions) 2. NeuraI nerve stimuli (ex. ANS) 3. HormonaI one hormone may result in the production or inhibition of another Effects of Hormones Hormones work by producing one or more of the following changes: 1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability and/or electrical state by opening or closing ion channels 2. Synthesis of proteins or certain regulatory molecules within the cell 3. Enzyme activation or deactivation 4. nduction of secretory activity 5. Stimulation of mitosis The Pituitary Gland Known as master gIand" Location: in sella turcica of sphenoid bone, attached to hypothalamus by stem called infundibulum Two lobes: Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe Hormones of the Anterior Lobe Growth Hormone Also called Somatotropin (Somatotropic Hormone) Stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide Major target cells are skeletal muscles and bone Stimulates epiphyseal plate to produce growth in long bones and increases skeletal muscle mass Anabolic in nature, encouraging use of fats for energy and therefore conserving glucose (hyperglycemic effect) GH Disorders - Gigantism Childhood gigantism Result of hypersecretion GH Disorders - Acromegaly Adulthood Acromegaly enlargement and thickening of bony areas still responsible to GH (specifically, the hands, feet, and face), thickening soft tissues of tongue and face Acromegaly GH Disorders - Dwarfism Hyposecretion disorders Childhood dwarfism; short stature but with relatively normal body proportions %hyroid StimuIating Hormone (%SH) or %hyrotropin StimuIates normaI deveIopment and secretion of the thyroid gIand drenocorticotropic Hormone (%H) or orticotropin Stimulates normal development and secretion of the adrenal cortex oIIicIe StimuIating Hormone (SH) Made by both sexes, levels rising in puberty emaIes promotes development of ovarian follicles (in turn, producing estrogen) MaIes promotes development of seminiferous tubules (which produce sperm) !roIactin (!#) actogenic Hormone stimulates milk production by breasts levels rise and fall with influence of estrogen (high estrogen levels promote release of prolactin) Levels rise just prior to menstruation Continuation of secretion stimulated by nursing infants nhibition in males due to high levels of Prolactin nhibiting Factor uteinizing Hormone (H) Produced by both sexes LH in femaIes stimulates ovulation and development of the corpus luteum, aiding development of uterine lining and prepares breasts for secretion MaIes - called InterstitiaI eII StimuIating Hormone (ISH) stimulates development of interstitial cells in testes (production of testosterone) MeIanocyte StimuIating Hormone (MSH) Promotes deposition of melanin in skin following exposure to sunlight or atrophy of the adrenal cortex Hormones of the Posterior Lobe ytocin Strong stimulant for uterine contractions Released in significantly higher amounts during childbirth and nursing women Number of receptors increases during pregnancy but peaks near end Stretching of uterus stimulates release Also causes milk ejection ntidiuretic Hormone (H) or Vasopressin nhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption from kidney tubules Released when osmotic pressure of blood decreases following water loss nhibited by alcohol, drinking large amounts of water ADH Disorders Hypertension caused by hypersecretion of ADH Hyposecretion can lead to diabetes insipidus ("tasteless urine) characterized by copius amounts of urine %he %hyroid GIand General nformation ocation: anterior neck on trachea just inferior to larynx Has two lobes connected by isthmus Largest pure endocrine gland aIcitonin Lowers calcium levels Targets skeleton by inhibiting osteoclast activity and bone reabsorption and release of calcium from bone matrix Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into bone matrix Appears most important in childhood but in adults, it is a weak hyocalcemic agent %hyroine (%) & %riiodothyronine (%3) Both require iodine major metabolic hormones Affect almost every cell Stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation and increases basal metabolic rate, body heat mportant in maintaining blood pressure and important in regulating tissue growth and development Hypothyroidism: Myxedema "mucus swelling adults Characterized by low BMR, feeling cold, constipation, thick, dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, mental sluggishmess ndemic goiter may result (swelling of thyroid) if due to lack of iodine Goiters Myxedema (continued) A A 29-year old myxedema patieint showing facial puffiness, muscle weakness, drooping eyelids. B Same patient after 2 months of thyroxine replacment C 62 year old patient with myxedema showing marked edema of the face and somnolent look. The hair is stiff and without luster. D Same paeitne after 3 months of thyroxine treatment. retinism Children Child has short, disproportionate body, thick tongue, thick neck, mental retardation 14yr old, severe congenital hypothyroidism 4 year old, congenital hypothyroidism Grave's isease Hyperthyroidism Most common Elevated BMR, sweating, rapid and irregular heart rate, nervousness, weight loss, exopthalmos The Parathyroid Gland Location & Hormone ocation: behind posterior aspect of thyroid gland, two pair !arathyroid Hormone (!%H) Triggers increase in blood calcium level by (1) stimulating osteoclastic activity, releasing calcium into the blood (2) enhancing reabsorption of calcium by kidneys (3) increasing absorption of calcium by intestines Hyperparathyroidism Rare and usually result of tumor Calcium is leached from bones, bones soften and deform Bone calcium is replaced with fibrous tissue and bones break easily High calcium levels can cause kidney stones Hypoparathyroidism Causes hypocalcemia, characterized by excitability of neurons, symptoms of tetany (loss of sensations, twitches, convulsions) and can eventually progress to spasms of the larynx and respiratory paralysis, death The Adrenal Glands ocation: atop each kidney, two regions: cortex and medulla drenaI orte (hormones are considered vital) MineraIcorticoids Regulate electrolyte balance, especially sodium and potassium Idosterone is a mineralcorticoid that decreases excretion of sodium from the body by stimulating reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys; results in water retention GIucocorticoids nfluence metabolism of most body cells, keeps blood sugar level fairly constant, and maintains blood volume by shifting water into tissues, promotes gluconeogenesis ortisone is a glucocorticoid Gonadotropins Mainly androgens but some estrogens Little secreted Hypersecretions result in mascuIinization or viriIization; in prepubescent males and females, results are dramatic; males maturation of reproductive organs and appearance of secondary sex traits early; females develop beard and masculine pattern of body hair, clitoris enlargement Androgenital Syndrome Hypersecretions of drenaI orte ushing's isease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, dramatic loss of muscle and bone protein, water and salt retention, hypertension, edema; "moon face, redistribution of fat to abdomen and posterior neck ("buffalo hump), increased tendency to bruise, poor wound healing Hyposecretions of drenaI orte ddison's isease usually involves both mineral and glucocorticoids; loss of weight, significant drop in blood sodium levels, dehydration, hypotension drenaI MeduIIa (inner) Secretes catecholemines called epinephrine (adrenaIine) and norepinephrine (NoradrenaIine) Cause blood sugar level to increase, vasoconstriction, heart rate increase, BP increase, diversion of blood to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles The Pancreas Location & Anatomy ocation: Between stomach & small intestines Made of acinar ceIIs (enzyme production) and isIets of angerhans (hormone production) slets made of two cell types: alpha cells and beta cells Alpha & Beta Cell Hormones Ipha ceIIs Produce gIucagon Targets mainly liver, promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, elevating blood glucose levels Beta ceIIs Produce insuIin Lowers blood glucose and influences protein and fat metabolism nhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Hyposecretions of insuIin iabetes meIIitus Blood sugar levels remain high after meals Person feels nauseated triggering release of adrenaline to stimulate glycogenolysis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis Glucose traced in urine (gIucosuria) and lost Leads to possible ketogenesis, as more fats are utilized Symptoms & Types of Diabetes Major symptoms of diabetes meIIitus: !oIyuria (excessive urine production) poIydipsia (extreme thirst) poIyphagia (extreme hunger) %ype I, or InsuIin ependent iabetes symptoms appear suddenly, usually before age 15, resulting from destruction of beta cells %ype II, or Non-InsuIin-ependent iabetes mostly after age 40, heredity, most produce insulin but in inadequate amounts OR their bodies fail to respond to insulin; common in overweight individuals The Testes Hormones of Testes Produce androgens, including testosterone %estosterone is steroid made in interstitial cells (ceIIs of eydig) Causes appearance of secondary sex traits (beard, axillary hair, pubic hair, voice change, male libido) astration removal of testes; prevents appearance and after maturity traits are lessened The Ovaries Hormones varies strogens and progesterone Estrogen regulates menstrual cycle, female secondary sex traits, female libido Progesterone regulates menstrual cycle, prepares uterus for pregnancy The Placenta Hormones Makes estrogen, progesterone, Human horionic Gonadotropin (HG) HCG necessary for maintenance of corpus luteum HCG tested for by home pregnancy kits The Kidneys #enin controls secretion of aldosterone Aids in forming angiotensin (from liver) which causes hypertension and vasoconstriction The Thymus Gland Located in mediastinum Produces %hymosin aids in formation of T-cells; largest in size at birth The Pineal Body Location roof of 3rd brain ventricle Produces many hormones including melatonin MeIatonin affects state of wakefulness; levels vary in 24 hr period, increasing steadily and probably triggers sleep