The term factorial means that two or more independent variables are being investigated, each variables having

two or more levels.

In factorial designs, a factor is a major independent variable

A level is a subdivision of a factor. In this example, time in instruction has two levels and setting has two levels.

The simplest factorial design is 2x2

Gender Male Female

Level of stress

High Medium

To evaluate whether the effects of an experimental variable are generalizable across all levels of control variable. Moreover, the factorial design can tell if there is an interaction among variables which a single-variable experiment

Scores generated in the factorial designs of experiments are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Most widely used method of statistical analysis of quantitative data. It can be used for both descriptive and experimental design. It is descriptive if there is no experimental variable and no control variable.

There is one independent or experimental variable. Example:

Descriptive- Comparing the performance of three classes in Biology Experimental- Determining the effects of three kinds of chemicals A, B, and C on the strength of three same type of ropes
Experimental variable- Chemical A,B and C Control- the same types of ropes

Examples:
Descriptive Finding effects of age and gender on English test Experimental- Effects on fruits of plants, using 1)types of cultivation and 2)different volumes of water

Examples:
Descriptive- Effects of 1)age, 2)gender and 3)socioeconomic status on Licensure Board Examination Experimental- Effects of three kinds of disinfectant A, B, and C on staphycoccus

Refers to the condition that observe differences on the dependent variable as a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable, not some other variable. Refers specifically to whether an experimental treatment/condition makes a difference or not, and whether there is sufficient evidence to support the claim.

Refers to some specifics events that occur between the first and the second measurements of the independent variable, which may cause changes in the dependent variable.

The processes within subjects which act as a function of the passage of time. Examples: if the project lasts a few years, most participants may improve their performance regardless of treatment.

When the improvement of the subjects performance on the dependent variable is a function of the pre-test and not the experimental , internal validity is jeopardized.

A. not equal in difficulty B. grading of two essay tests may flactuate C. interview is used for measuring gains, and familiarity of the interview affects the second interview D. When the observation is used as a measuring device

D. When the observation is used as a measuring device and the observers may change their ways of ore-treatment and posttreatment of observation.

This happens when the subject chosen are both the lowest and highest. Because they will have the tendency to regress toward the mean.

Subjects bring with them into the investigation unique characteristics, some learned and some inherent. Examples include sex, height, weight, color, attitude, personality, motor ability, and mental ability. If assigning subjects to comparison groups results in unequal distribution of these subject-related variables, then there is a possible threat to internal validity

This refers to subjects who may drop out from the experiment.

Is concerned when one group profits more from the treatment, or it has an initial advantage because of maturation, history or testing factors.

Refers to the generalizibility of the treatment/condition outcomes

This occurs when the subject respond or react differently to treatment because they have pre-tested.

Refers to the situation when groups selected are not representative of the population so desired in the experiment.

This refers to the fact that when a given study is conducted with a specific kind of subject, using specific measuring instruments, at a specific time and under a specific set of circumstances.

Pertains to the artificiality of the experimental setting and the subjects knowledge that are participating in an experiment.

This occurs when the same subjects receives more than one treatment so that there is a carry-over from one treatment to the next .