Igneous Rocks

IGNEOUS ROCKS
Learning Objectives: To understand that crystal size in igneous rocks is related to the cooling rate of a magma. To recognise that magma viscosity affects the type of volcanic activity and the shape of the volcano
To recognise and interpret the differing shapes of volcanoes from diagrams/photographs To understand that Igneous bodies can be distinguished by their structures and field relationships

CRYSTALLIZATION
the formation and growth of a crystalline solid from a liquid or a gas; crystals are the orderly arrangement of atoms in a framework

In what ways can crystals form?

Can you remember thea melt in which Crystallisation from ways crystals can form? Metamorphic recrystallisation Crystallisation from solution in evaporating water Crystallisation as cement from flowing pore waters Crystallisation from hydrothermal fluids

CRYSTALLIZATION
Name 2 minerals which:
1. Crystallise from a melt? 2. Crystallise from solution in evaporating water? 3. Crystallise as cement in pores of rocks?

4. Crystallise as hydrothermal fluids (in veins and faults)?

5. Form through metamorphic recrystallisation?

Which method of crystal growth forms igneous rocks?

Olivine

Feldspar

+
Biotite Quartz

Granite

What would affect the size of Crystals in an Igneous Rock?

What is the difference between Magma and Lava?

MAGMA - molten rock and dissolved gas (in the subsurface). When it comes to the surface it releases the gases (H20, CO2, SO2, N2, CH4)

LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped).

BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES

- explains how the composition of magma changes at it cools. HIGH TEMPERATURE (Mafic) MINERALS form first and SETTLE OUT (by sinking to the bottom of the magma chamber). As the magma continues to cool all the high temperature minerals form first, leaving a cooler, but still molten rock (magma). As this magma cools to form rock the last minerals to crystallize are the LOW TEMPERATURE (Felsic) MINERALS. This process changes the composition of the magma as it cools: this process is called MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION.

Classifying Igneous Rocks

We generally classify Igneous Rocks in two categories: INTRUSIVE or PLUTONIC (sub-surface) EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC (surface)

Mafic Rocks
Intrusive

Extrusive

Intermediate Rocks
Intrusive

Extrusive

Felsic Rocks
Intrusive

Extrusive

INTRUSIVE or PLUTONIC ROCKS

What is a Batholith? What is the difference between a dyke and Sill? Draw a diagram to show what they might look like. Use Understanding Geology pages 38-39 to help you.

EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC ROCKS

Mt Semeru,
Indonesia

STRATO-VOLCANO or COMPOSITE CONE VOLCANO

EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC ROCKS

EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC ROCKS

ingvallavatn, Iceland

SHIELD VOLCANO

EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC ROCKS

IGNEOUS TEXTURES

Summary
Mafic Intermediate Felsic

Intrusive
Extrusive

Gabbro
Basalt

Diorite
Andesite

Granite
Rhyolite

Features of Lava flows

EXTRUSIVE or VOLCANIC ROCKS

Ropey Lava

Blocky lava

Flow Banded lava

Pillow lava

Vesicular lava

Amygdaloidal lava

Flood Basalts

Columnar Jointing