The Medium Access Control

Sublayer
Chapter 4
The Channel Allocation Problem
Static Channel Allocation in LANs and
MANs
Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs
and MANs
Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs
Station Model.
Single Channel Assumption.
Collision Assumption.
(a) Continuous Time.
(b) Slotted Time.
(a) Carrier Sense.
(b) No Carrier Sense.
Multiple Access Protocols
ALOHA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols
Collision-Free Protocols
Limited-Contention Protocols
Wireless LAA Protocols
Wavelength Division Multiple Access
Protocols
Broadband Wireless
JLAAS/Bridge Spanning 1ree
avelength Division Multiple Access Protocols
avelength division multiple access.
ireless LAN Protocols
A wireless LAN. (a) A transmitting. (b) B
transmitting.
ireless LAN Protocols (2)
The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an
RTS to B.
(b) B responding with a CTS to A.
igabit Ethernet
(a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A
multistation Ethernet.
igabit Ethernet (2)
igabit Ethernet cabling.
EEE 802.2: Logical Link Control
(a) Position oI LLC. (b) Protocol
Iormats.
ireless LANs
The 802.11 Protocol Stack
The 802.11 Physical Layer
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer
Protocol
The 802.11 Frame Structure
Services
The 802.11 Protocol Stack
Part oI the 802.11 protocol stack.
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
(a) The hidden station problem.
(b) The exposed station problem.
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (2)
The use oI virtual channel sensing using
CSMA/CA.
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (3)
A Iragment burst.
Broadband ireless
Comparison oI 802.11 and 802.16
(and radio telephony
Design goals are very diIIerent!
Fixed vs mobile, antenna, radio cost, distance, sectoring,
traIIic/QoS
The 802.16 Protocol Stack
The 802.16 Physical Layer
The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol
The 802.16 Frame Structure
The 802.16 Protocol Stack
The 802.16 Protocol Stack.
OFDM in 2GHz
and 5 GHz
The 802.16 Physical Layer
The 802.16 transmission environment.
The 802.16 Physical Layer (2)
Frames and time slots Ior time division
duplexing.
The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol
Service Classes
Constant bit rate service
Real-time variable bit rate service
Non-real-time variable bit rate
service
Best eIIorts service
The 802.16 Frame Structure
(a) A generic Irame. (b) A bandwidth request
Irame.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth Architecture
Bluetooth Applications
The Bluetooth Protocol Stack
The Bluetooth Radio Layer
The Bluetooth Baseband Layer
The Bluetooth L2CAP Layer
The Bluetooth Frame Structure
Bluetooth Architecture
Two piconets can be connected to Iorm a
scatternet.
Bluetooth Applications
The Bluetooth proIiles.
The Bluetooth Protocol Stack
The 802.15 version oI the Bluetooth protocol
architecture.
The Bluetooth Frame Structure
A typical Bluetooth data Irame.
Data Link Layer Switching
Bridges Irom 802.x to 802.y
Local nternetworking
Spanning Tree Bridges
Remote Bridges
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,
Routers, ateways
Virtual LANs
Data Link Layer Switching
Multiple LANs connected by a backbone to
handle a total load higher than the capacity
oI a single LAN.
Bridges Irom 802.x to 802.y
Operation oI a LAN bridge Irom 802.11 to
802.3.
Bridges Irom 802.x to 802.y (2)
The EEE 802 Irame Iormats. The drawing is
not to scale.
Local nternetworking
A conIiguration with Iour LANs and two
bridges.
Spanning Tree Bridges
Two parallel transparent bridges.
Problem of Packet forwarding loops with multiple bridges
Spanning Tree Bridges (2)
(a) nterconnected LANs. (b) A spanning tree
covering the LANs. The dotted lines are not
part oI the spanning tree.
EEE 802.1D
Algorithm due to Pearlman et al to construct
spanning tree in a distributed manner.
EEE 802.1D
Basic ideas
Node with least id becomes root
For a given lan, bridge/port with least cost on path to root
becomes the designated active bridge, all others are
passive
Bridges broadcast conIiguration BPDUs with id oI selI, id
oI presumed root, cost to root. Each bridges starts by
believing it is root.
I you get superior inIormation on your presumed root
path, Iorward downstream
I you get inIerior inIormation, reply with yours
Remote Bridges
Remote bridges can be used to interconnect
distant LANs.
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,
Routers and ateways
(a) hich device is in which layer.
(b) Frames, packets, and headers.
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches,
Routers and ateways (2)
(a) A hub. (b) A bridge. (c) a switch.
Virtual LANs
A building with centralized wiring using hubs
and a switch.
hy VLANs iI everything interconnects?
LAN represents organizational hierarchy
rather than geography
Security
TraIIic Load/separation (research vs
production)
Limiting Broadcasts
Legitimate (i.e ARP)
Storms
Do 'rewiring in soItware
Virtual LANs (2)
(a) Four physical LANs organized into two VLANs, gray
and white, by two bridges. (b) The same 15 machines
organized into two VLANs by switches.
rouping into VLANs
Port level mapping
All machines on a port must be on the same VLAN
OK with completely switched networks.
MAC level mapping
hat iI 'docks are used with notebooks
P level mapping
Violates layering
802.1q issues
Can we identiIy the VLAN in the Irame
header
Easy to do Ior new protocols, deIine a new header Iield
hat to do with (Old/Fast/iga) Ethernet, which has no
'Iree header Iields and max size Irames ?
ho generates this Iield
hat to do with legacy NCs
Key point this Iield is only used by
switches, not end machines
802.1Q
Adds a new Iield to Ethernet header circa 98,
raised Irame size to 1522 Irom 1518
1
st
2 bytes are protocol D, Iixed as 0x8100 (~1500 so
type)
2
nd
byte has VLAN id (lower order 12 bits), 3 bit priority
(used by 802.1P), 1 bit CF to indicate 802.5 traIIic
Required Bridges and switches to be VLAN
aware, 'Iuture NCs should be aware too
(with iga deployment?)
Bridges/switches could add this Iield till then)
The EEE 802.1Q Standard
Transition Irom legacy Ethernet to VLAN-aware
Ethernet. The shaded symbols are VLAN
aware. The empty ones are not.
The EEE 802.1Q Standard (2)
The 802.3 (legacy) and 802.1Q Ethernet Irame
Iormats.
UB
FCC deIinition bandwidth ~ 25 oI center
Irequency.
2(Fh-Fl)/(FhFl)
802.11b has 80MHz oI usable spectrum in 2.4Hz band
Uses Pulse position Modulation
Low power on any particular Irequency,
Iitting in under FCC Part 15 rules
MAC issues QoS, TDMA and CDMA
don`t work well. P802.15.3, HiperLAN DM
Summary
Channel allocation methods and systems Ior a common
channel.