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1e|ecommun|cat|ons
- Cvervlew
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tructure of resentat|on
- lnLroducLlon
- CSM neLwork
- C8S neLwork
- lnLelllgenL neLwork
- 3C neLwork
- Slgnalllng 1ransmlsslon
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ntroduct|on
- neLworks
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1e|ecommun|cat|ons

Voice 16kb
SMS= 160
Voice =16kb
Data= 378kb
Voice = streaming
Data = streaming
GSM
GPRS
UMTS
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1e|ecom Arch|tecture
1ransport techno|ogy Descr|pt|on
1yp|ca| use]
Data transm|ss|on speed ros]cons
1uMA 1lme ulvlslon MulLlple Access ls 2C Lechnology volce and daLa up Lo 96kbps Low baLLery consumpLlon buL Lransmlsslon ls oneway
and lLs speed pales nexL Lo 3C Lechnologles
CSM Clobal SysLem for Moblle CommunlcaLlons ls a
2C dlglLal cell phone Lechnology
volce and daLa 1hls Luropean sysLem uses
Lhe 900MPz and 18CPz frequencles ln Lhe
unlLed SLaLes lL operaLes ln Lhe 19CPz CS
band up Lo 96kbps
opular around Lhe globe Worldwlde roamlng ln abouL
180 counLrles buL CSMs shorL messaglng servlce (CSM
SMS) only LransmlLs oneway and can only dellver
messages up Lo 160 characLers long
C8S Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlce ls a 23C
neLwork LhaL supporLs daLa packeLs
uaLa up Lo 113kbps Lhe A11 Wlreless C8S
neLwork wlll LransmlL daLa aL 40kbps Lo
60kbps
Messages noL llmlLed Lo 160 characLers llke CSM SMS
LuCL Lnhanced uaLa CSM LnvlronmenL ls a 3C
dlglLal neLwork
uaLa
up Lo 384kbps
May be Lemporary soluLlon for operaLors unable Lo geL
WCuMA llcenses
CuMA Code ulvlslon MulLlple Access ls a 2C
Lechnology developed by Cualcomm LhaL ls
LranslLlonlng Lo 3C
AlLhough behlnd 1uMA ln number of subscrlbers Lhls
fasLgrowlng Lechnology has more capaclLy Lhan 1uMA
WCuMA (uM1S) Wldeband CuMA (also known as unlversal
Moblle 1elecommunlcaLlons SysLemuM1S) ls
3C Lechnology Cn november 6 2002 n11
uoCoMo Lrlcsson nokla and Slemens agreed
on llcenslng arrangemenLs for WCuMA
whlch should seL a benchmark for royalLy
raLes
volce and daLa uM1S ls belng deslgned Lo
offer speeds of aL leasL 144kbps Lo users ln
fasLmovlng vehlcles
up Lo 2Mbps lnlLlally up Lo 10Mbps by 2003
accordlng Lo deslgners
Llkely Lo be domlnanL ouLslde Lhe unlLed SLaLes and
Lherefore good for roamlng globally CommlLmenLs from
uS operaLors are currenLly lacklng Lhough A11
Wlreless performed uM1S LesLs ln 2002 rlmarlly Lo be
lmplemenLed ln Aslaaclflc reglon
CuMA2000 1x811 A 3C Lechnology 1x811 ls Lhe flrsL phase of
CuMA2000
volce and daLa up Lo 144kbps roponenLs say mlgraLlon from 1uMA ls slmpler wlLh
CuMA2000 Lhan WCuMA and LhaL specLrum use ls
more efflclenL 8uL WCuMA wlll llkely be more common
ln Lurope
CuMA2000 1xLvuC uellvers daLa on a separaLe channel uaLa up Lo 24Mbps (see CuMA2000 1x811 above)
CuMA2000 1xLvuv lnLegraLes volce and daLa on Lhe same channel volce and daLa up Lo 24Mbps (see CuMA2000 1x811 above)
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1ecnotree repa|d
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,
- lnLroducLlon
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ntroduct|on to ,
- 1he |oba| ystem for ,ob||e Commun|cat|ons (,) ls Lhe mosL popular
sLandard for moblle phones ln Lhe world
- CSM servlce ls used by over 18 bllllon people across more Lhan 210 counLrles
and LerrlLorles
- 1he ublqulLy of Lhe CSM sLandard makes lnLernaLlonal roamlng very common
beLween moblle phone operaLors enabllng subscrlbers Lo use Lhelr phones ln
many parLs of Lhe world
- CSM dlffers slgnlflcanLly from lLs predecessors ln LhaL boLh slgnalllng and
speech channels are dlglLal whlch means LhaL lL ls consldered a secooJ
qeoetotloo (2C) moblle phone sysLem
- 1hls facL has also meanL LhaL daLa communlcaLlon was bullL lnLo Lhe sysLem
from very early on
- CSM ls an open sLandard whlch ls currenLly developed by Lhe 3C
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, ke|eases
- As Lhe CSM sLandard conLlnued Lo develop lL
reLalned backward compaLlblllLy wlLh Lhe orlglnal
CSM phones
for example packeL daLa capablllLles were added ln Lhe 8elease 97 verslon of
Lhe sLandard by means of C8S
- Plgher speed daLa Lransmlsslon has also been
lnLroduced wlLh LuCL ln Lhe 8elease 99 verslon of
Lhe sLandard
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, erv|ces
- lrom Lhe polnL of vlew of Lhe consumer Lhe key advanLage of CSM
sysLems has been hlgher dlglLal volce quallLy and low cosL alLernaLlves Lo
maklng calls such as LexL messaglng
- 1he advanLage for neLwork operaLors has been Lhe ablllLy Lo deploy
equlpmenL from dlfferenL vendors because Lhe open sLandard allows easy
lnLeroperablllLy
- Llke oLher cellular sLandards CSM allows neLwork operaLors Lo offer
roamlng servlces whlch mean subscrlbers can use Lhelr phones all over
Lhe world
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, Network
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, ubystems
- 1he neLwork behlnd Lhe , sysLem seen by Lhe cusLomer ls large and
compllcaLed ln order Lo provlde all of Lhe servlces whlch are requlred
- lL ls dlvlded lnLo a number of secLlons
8ase SLaLlon SubsysLem
- (Lhe base sLaLlons and Lhelr conLrollers)
neLwork and SwlLchlng SubsysLem
- (Lhe parL of Lhe neLwork mosL slmllar Lo a flxed neLwork) 1hls ls someLlmes also [usL called Lhe
core neLwork
C8S Core neLwork
- (Lhe opLlonal parL whlch allows packeL based lnLerneL connecLlons)
- All of Lhe elemenLs ln Lhe sysLem comblne Lo produce many CSM servlces
such as volce calls and SMS
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, Arch|tecture 1]3
- CSM LlemenLs
Subscrlber ldenLlLy Module (SlM)
- A subscr|ber |dent|ty modu|e ls a smarL card whlch securely sLores Lhe key
ldenLlfylng a moblle phone servlce subscrlber as well as subscrlpLlon lnformaLlon
preferences and LexL messages
8ase SLaLlon SubsysLem (8SS)
- 1he 8ase 1ranscelver SLaLlon or 81S conLalns Lhe equlpmenL for LransmlLLlng and
recelvlng of radlo slgnals (Lranscelvers) anLennas and equlpmenL for encrypLlng
and decrypLlng communlcaLlon wlLh Lhe 8ase SLaLlon ConLroller (8SC)
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, Arch|tecture 2]3
- CSM LlemenLs
Moblle SwlLchlng CenLer (MSC)
- 1he ,ob||e w|tch|ng Centre or MSC ls a sophlsLlcaLed Lelephone exchange whlch provldes clrculLswlLched
calllng moblllLy managemenL and CSM servlces Lo Lhe moblle phones roamlng wlLhln Lhe area LhaL lL serves
- 1hls means volce daLa and fax servlces as well as SMS and call dlverL
Pome LocaLlon 8eglsLer (PL8)
- 1he nome Locat|on keg|ster or PL8 ls a cenLral daLabase LhaL conLalns deLalls of each moblle phone subscrlber
LhaL ls auLhorlzed Lo use Lhe CSM core neLwork
Lxamples of oLher daLa sLored ln Lhe PL8 ln a SlM record ls
CSM servlces LhaL Lhe subscrlber has requesLed or been glven
C8S seLLlngs Lo allow Lhe subscrlber Lo access packeL servlces
CurrenL LocaLlon of subscrlber (vL8 and SCSn)
Call dlverL seLLlngs appllcable for each assoclaLed MSlSun
1he PL8 daLa ls sLored for as long as a subscrlber remalns wlLh Lhe moblle phone operaLor
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, Arch|tecture 3]3
- CSM LlemenLs
vlslLors LocaLlon 8eglsLer (vL8)
- 1he V|s|tor Locat|on keg|ster or vL8 ls a Lemporary daLabase of Lhe subscrlbers who have
roamed lnLo Lhe parLlcular area whlch lL serves
uaLa sLored lncludes
lMSl (Lhe subscrlbers ldenLlLy number)
auLhenLlcaLlon daLa
MSlSun (Lhe subscrlbers phone number)
CSM servlces LhaL Lhe subscrlber ls allowed Lo access
Access olnL (C8S) subscrlbed
Lhe PL8 address of Lhe subscrlber
LqulpmenL ldenLlLy 8eglsLer (Ll8)
- 1he Ll8 keeps a llsL of moblle phones (ldenLlfled by Lhelr lMLl) whlch are Lo be banned from
Lhe neLwork or monlLored
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, upport Iunct|ons
- ConnecLed more or less dlrecLly Lo Lhe CSM core neLwork are many oLher
funcLlons
8C
- 1he 8||||ng Centre ls responslble for processlng Lhe Loll LlckeLs generaLed by Lhe vL8s and PL8s
and generaLlng a blll for each subscrlber
,C
- 1he hort ,essage erv|ce Centre supporLs Lhe sendlng of text messages
,,C
- 1he ,u|t|med|a ,essag|ng ystem Centre supporLs Lhe sendlng of mulLlmedla messages (eg
lmages Audlo vldeo and Lhelr comblnaLlons) Lo (or from) MMSenabled PandseLs
V,
- 1he Vo|cema|| ystem records and sLores volcemalls
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, upport Iunct|ons
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koam|ng n ,
- used when Movlng
8eLween PL8 locaLlons
8eLween counLrles
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k
- neLworks
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ntroduct|on to k
- enera| acket kad|o erv|ce (k% ls a moblle daLa servlce avallable Lo users of CSM
moblle phones
lL ls ofLen descrlbed as 23C LhaL ls a Lechnology beLween Lhe second (2C) and Lhlrd (3C) generaLlons of moblle
Lelephony
lL provldes moderaLe speed daLa Lransfer by uslng unused 1uMA channels ln Lhe CSM neLwork
Crlglnally Lhere was some LhoughL Lo exLend C8S Lo cover oLher sLandards buL lnsLead Lhose neLworks are belng
converLed Lo use Lhe CSM sLandard so LhaL ls Lhe only klnd of neLwork where C8S ls ln use
C8S ls lnLegraLed lnLo CSM sLandards releases sLarLlng wlLh 8elease 97 and onwards
llrsL lL was sLandardlzed by L1Sl buL now LhaL efforL has been handed onLo Lhe 3C
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ntroduct|on to k
- C8S ls dlfferenL from Lhe older ClrculL SwlLched uaLa (or CSu) connecLlon
lncluded ln CSM sLandards
ln CSu a daLa connecLlon esLabllshes a clrculL and reserves Lhe full bandwldLh of LhaL
clrculL durlng Lhe llfeLlme of Lhe connecLlon

- C8S ls packeLswlLched whlch means LhaL mulLlple users share Lhe same
Lransmlsslon channel
only LransmlLLlng when Lhey have daLa Lo send
- 1hls means LhaL Lhe LoLal avallable bandwldLh can be lmmedlaLely dedlcaLed Lo Lhose users
who are acLually sendlng aL any glven momenL provldlng hlgher uLlllsaLlon where users only
send or recelve daLa lnLermlLLenLly
- Web browslng recelvlng emalls as Lhey arrlve and lnsLanL messaglng are
examples of uses LhaL requlre lnLermlLLenL daLa Lransfers whlch beneflL
from sharlng Lhe avallable bandwldLh
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k erv|ces
- C8S upgrades CSM daLa servlces provldlng
olnLLopolnL (1) servlce lnLerneLworklng wlLh Lhe lnLerneL (l proLocols)
and x23 neLworks
olnLLomulLlpolnL (12M) servlce polnLLomulLlpolnL mulLlcasL and polnL
LomulLlpolnL group calls
ShorL Message Servlce (SMS) bearer for SMS
Anonymous servlce anonymous access Lo predeflned servlces
- luLure enhancemenLs
flexlble Lo add new funcLlons such as more capaclLy more users new
accesses new proLocols new radlo neLworks
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k Network
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k Arch|tecture 1]2
- Cn Lhe reference polnL beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe
CCSn used for u ConLexL acLlvaLlon and for
LransporL of user daLa
1hls reference polnL uses C1 LransporL over l
- Cl Lhe reference polnL aL whlch Lhe C8S core
neLwork connecLs Lo Lhe lnLerneL
AlLernaLlvely corporaLe cusLomers may have a dlrecL connecLlon Lo Lhls polnL
for hlgher securlLy
1hls reference polnL ls normally [usL an l neLwork Lhough a Lunnelllng
proLocol such as C8L llnl or lsec may be used lnsLead
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k Arch|tecture 2]2
- Cr Lhe reference polnL beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe PL8 used Lo allow Lhe SCSn Lo reLrleve
subscrlber lnformaLlon from Lhe PL8
1he communlcaLlon here ls based on SS7
- Cb Lhe lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe Cu whlch ls Lhe polnL of connecLlon of Lhe
C8S core neLwork Lo Lhe CSM radlo neLwork (8SS)
1hls carrles boLh slgnalllng and user daLa 1he communlcaLlon here ls based on lrame 8elay
- luS Lhe lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe 8nC whlch ls Lhe polnL of connecLlon of Lhe
C8S core neLwork Lo Lhe uM1S 8adlo Access neLwork u18An
1he communlcaLlon here ls abased on 8roadband SS7 over A1M for slgnalllng and C1u over l for user daLa
- Cs Lhe connecLlon beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe MSC
1hls ls opLlonal and ls used prlmarlly ln CSM neLworks Lo lmprove slgnalllng efflclency especlally on Lhe radlo
lnLerface
ln uM1S almosL Lhe same effecL ls achleved slmply Lhrough Lhe acLlon of Lhe 8nC 1hs lnLerface uses Lhe 8SSA+
roLocol
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N
- (SCSn)
- 1he SCSn has Lhe followlng funcLlons
roLocol converslon beLween Lhe l backbone and Lhe proLocols used ln Lhe 8SS and
MS
AuLhenLlcaLlon and encrypLlon
MoblllLy managemenL
8ouLlng daLa Lo Lhe relevanL CCSn when connecLlon Lo an exLernal neLwork ls
requlred
- (all lnLraneLwork MS Lo MS connecLlons musL also be made vla a CCSn)
CollecLlon of charglng daLa and Lrafflc sLaLlsLlcs
- SCSn exLernal lnLerfaces allow versaLlle Lransmlsslon conflguraLlons ln
order Lo maLch requlred lrame 8elay and l Lransmlsslon neLwork
Lopologles
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N
- 1he CCSn connecLs Lhe C8S core neLwork Lo
1 lnLerneL
2 lSs
3 CorporaLe lnLraneLs
- enabllng Lhe C8S moblle subscrlbers Lo access varlous daLa servlces
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lnLerfaces ln Lhe C8S neLwork
b A lrame 8elay lnLerface beLween Lhe 8ase SLaLlon SubsysLem and Lhe SCSn
Cn l 8ased lnLerface beLween SCSn and oLher SCSns and (lnLernal) CCSns unS also shares Lhls lnLerface uses Lhe C1 roLocol
Cp l 8ased lnLerface beLween lnLernal SCSnand exLernal CCSns 8eLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe exLernal CCSn Lhere ls Lhe 8order CaLeway (whlch ls essenLlally a
flrewall) Also uses Lhe C1 roLocol
Ca 1he lnLerface servers Lhe Cu8s (AccounLlng records) whlch are wrlLLen ln Lhe CSn and senL Lo Lhe CC (Charglng CaLeway) 1hls lnLerface uses an C1 roLocol
wlLh exLenslons LhaL supporLs Cu8s (Called C1 or C1 prlme)
Cr lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe PL8 Messages golng Lhrough Lhls lnLerface uses Lhe MA3 roLocol
Cd lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe SMS CaLeway Can use MA1 MA2 or MA3
Cs lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe MSC (vL8) uses Lhe 8SSA+ roLocol 1hls lnLerface allows paglng and sLaLlon avallablllLy when lL performs daLa Lransfer
When Lhe sLaLlon ls aLLached Lo Lhe C8S neLwork Lhe SCSn keeps Lrack of whlch 8A (8ouLlng Area) Lhe sLaLlon ls aLLached Lo An 8A ls a parL of a larger LA (LocaLlon
Area) When a sLaLlon ls paged Lhls lnformaLlon ls used Lo conserve neLwork resources When Lhe sLaLlon performs a u ConLexL Lhe SCSn has Lhe exacL 81S Lhe
sLaLlon ls uslng
Cl 1he lnLerface beLween Lhe CCSn and oLher exLernal neLworks (lnLerneL/WA)
Ce 1he lnLerface beLween Lhe SCSn and Lhe SC (Servlce ConLrol olnL) uses Lhe CA roLocol
Cx 1he onllne pollcy lnLerface beLween Lhe CCSn and Lhe C8l (Charglng 8ules luncLlon) lL ls used for provlslonlng servlce daLa flow based charglng rules uses Lhe
ulameLer roLocol
Cy 1he onllne charglng lnLerface beLween Lhe CCSn and Lhe CCS (Cnllne Charglng SysLem) uses Lhe ulameLer roLocol (uCCA appllcaLlon)
Cz 1he offllne charglng lnLerface beLween Lhe CSn and Lhe CC (Charglng CaLeway) uses Lhe Cu8s (AccounLlng records)
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1ransm|ss|on
- 16+1 Llmes 1008ase 1x LLherneL Cn connecLlons
- up Lo 1024 * 64 kblL/s lrame 8elay llnks for Cb
lnLerface
- up Lo 96 SS7 slgnalllng llnks (le Cs Cr Cf Cd)
- up Lo 120 physlcal L1 CM llnes (Cb Cs Cr Cd Cf)
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nte|||gent Networks (N%
- neLworks
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nte|||gent Networks ntroduct|on
- ConcepLs
1he archlLecLure and proLocols were developed orlglnally as sLandards by Lhe l1u1 whlch ls Lhe
sLandardlzaLlon commlLLee of Lhe lnLernaLlonal 1elecommunlcaLlon unlon
1he alm of Lhe ln was Lo enhance Lhe core Lelephony servlces offered by LradlLlonal
LelecommunlcaLlons neLworks whlch usually amounLed Lo maklng and recelvlng volce calls
someLlmes wlLh call dlverL
1hls would Lhen provlde a way for operaLors Lo bulld servlces ln addlLlon Lo Lhose already
presenL on a sLandard Lelephone exchange
- Lxamples of Lhe klnd of cusLom servlces whlch could be offered are
- 1oll free calls
- repald calllng
- rlvaLe number plans
- Call screenlng
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N Network
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1ecnotree N Network
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 34
N Arch|tectura| L|ements 1]2
- erv|ce w|tch|ng Iunct|on (I% or erv|ce w|tch|ng o|nt (%
1hls ls colocaLed wlLh Lhe Lelephone exchange lLself and acLs as Lhe Lrlgger polnL for furLher servlces Lo be lnvoked
durlng a call
1he SS lmplemenLs Lhe oslc coll 5tote Mocbloe (c5M) whlch ls a llnlLe sLaLe machlne LhaL represenLs an absLracL
vlew of a call from beglnnlng Lo end (off hook dlalllng answer no answer busy hang up eLc)
As each sLaLe ls Lraversed Lhe exchange encounLers uetectloo lolots (uls) aL whlch Lhe SS may lnvoke a query Lo
Lhe SC Lo walL for furLher lnsLrucLlons on how Lo proceed
1hls query ls usually called a Lrlgger 1rlgger crlLerla are deflned by Lhe operaLor and mlghL lnclude Lhe subscrlber
calllng number or Lhe dlalled number
- erv|ce Contro| Iunct|on (CI% or erv|ce Contro| o|nt (C%
1hls ls a separaLe seL of plaLforms LhaL recelve querles from Lhe SS
1he SC conLalns servlce loglc whlch lmplemenLs Lhe behavlour deslred by Lhe operaLor uurlng servlce loglc
processlng addlLlonal daLa requlred Lo process Lhe call may be obLalned from Lhe Sul
1he loglc on Lhe SC ls creaLed uslng Lhe SCL
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N Arch|tectura| L|ements 2]2
- erv|ce Data Iunct|on (DI% or erv|ce Data o|nt (D%
1hls ls a daLabase LhaL conLalns addlLlonal subscrlber daLa or oLher daLa requlred Lo process a call
lor example Lhe subscrlbers prepald credlL whlch ls remalnlng may be an lLem sLored ln Lhe Sul Lo be querled ln real
Llme durlng Lhe call 1he Sul may be a separaLe plaLform or ls someLlmes colocaLed wlLh Lhe SC
- erv|ce Creat|on Lnv|ronment (CL%
1hls ls Lhe developmenL envlronmenL used Lo creaLe Lhe servlces presenL on Lhe SC
AlLhough Lhe sLandards permlL any Lype of envlronmenL lL ls falrly rare Lo see low level languages llke C used
lnsLead proprleLary graphlcal languages have been used Lo enable Lelecom englneers Lo creaLe servlces dlrecLly
- pec|a||zed kesource Iunct|on (kI% or nte|||gent er|phera| (%
1hls ls a node whlch can connecL Lo boLh Lhe SS and Lhe SC and dellvers addlLlonal speclal resources lnLo Lhe call
for example play volce announcemenLs or collecL u1Ml Lones from Lhe user
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N rotoco|s
- 1he core elemenLs descrlbed above use sLandard proLocols Lo communlcaLe wlLh
each oLher
1he use of sLandard proLocols allows dlfferenL manufacLurers Lo concenLraLe on dlfferenL parLs of
Lhe archlLecLure and be confldenL LhaL Lhey wlll all work LogeLher ln any comblnaLlon
- 1he lnLerfaces beLween Lhe SS and Lhe SC are SS7 based and may look
unfamlllar Lo Lhose famlllar wlLh 1C/l proLocols
ln facL Lhe SS7 proLocols lmplemenL much of Lhe CSl sevenlayer model
1hls means LhaL Lhe ln sLandards only had Lo deflne Lhe appllcaLlon layer whlch was called Lhe
lnLelllgenL neLworks AppllcaLlon arL or lnA
1he lnA messages are encoded uslng ASn1
- 1he lnLerface beLween Lhe SC and Lhe Su ls deflned ln Lhe sLandards Lo be an
x300 ulrecLory Access roLocol or uA
- 1ecnoLree uses Sybase ASL
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 37
N rotoco| Var|ants
- 1he core CS1 speclflcaLlons were adopLed and exLended by oLher sLandards bodles Luropean flavours
were developed by L1Sl Amerlcan flavours were developed by AnSl and !apanese varlanLs also exlsL
- 1he maln reasons for produclng varlanLs ln each reglon was Lo ensure lnLeroperablllLy beLween
equlpmenL manufacLured and deployed locally (for example dlfferenL verslons of Lhe underlylng SS7
proLocols exlsL beLween Lhe reglons)
- Powever new funcLlonallLy was also added whlch meanL LhaL varlanLs dlverged from each oLher and Lhe
maln l1u1 sLandard
- 1he blggesL varlanL was called CusLomlsed AppllcaLlons for Moblle neLworks Lnhanced Loglc or CAMLL
for shorL
- 1hls allowed for exLenslons Lo be made for Lhe moblle envlronmenL and allowed moblle phone operaLors
Lo offer Lhe same ln servlces Lo subscrlbers whllsL Lhey are roamlng as Lhey recelve ln Lhe home neLwork
- CAMLL has become a ma[or sLandard ln lLs own rlghL and ls currenLly malnLalned by 3C 1he lasL ma[or
release of Lhe sLandard was CAMLL phase 4 lL ls Lhe only ln sLandard currenLly belng acLlvely worked on
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 38
N Iuture tandards
- WhllsL acLlve developmenL ln ln sLandardlzaLlon has decllned ln recenL years
Lhere are many sysLems deployed across Lhe world whlch use Lhls Lechnology
-
- 1he archlLecLure has proved Lo be noL only sLable buL also a conLlnulng source of revenue wlLh new servlces
added all Lhe Llme
- ManufacLurers conLlnue Lo supporL Lhe equlpmenL and lL ls dlfflculL Lo predlcL an obscelence wlndow
neverLheless new Lechnologles and archlLecLures are emerglng especlally ln Lhe area of vCl and
Sl
More aLLenLlon ls belng pald Lo Lhe use of Als ln preference Lo proLocols llke lnA and new
sLandards have emerged ln Lhe form of !Aln and arlay
- lrom a Lechnlcal vlew Lhe SCL ls beglnnlng Lo move away from lLs proprleLary
graphlcal orlglns and ls movlng Lowards a !ava appllcaLlon server envlronmenL
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 39
3
- neLworks
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 40
uM1S Servlces
- uM1S offers Leleservlces (llke speech or SMS) and
bearer servlces whlch provlde Lhe capablllLy for
lnformaLlon Lransfer beLween access polnLs
- lL ls posslble Lo negoLlaLe and renegoLlaLe Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of a bearer servlce aL sesslon or
connecLlon esLabllshmenL and durlng ongolng
sesslon or connecLlon
- 8oLh connecLlon orlenLed and connecLlonless
servlces are offered for olnLLoolnL and olnL
LoMulLlpolnL communlcaLlon
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 41
3 re|99 Arch|tecture (U,1% l6 kodios
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 42
U,1
BSS - Base Station System
BTS - Base Transceiver
Station
BSC - Base Station
ControIIer
RNS - Radio Network
System
RNC - Radio Network
ControIIer
CN - Core Network
MSC - MobiIe-service Switching ControIIer
VLR - Visitor Location Register
HLR - Home Location Register
AuC - Authentication Server
MSC - ateway MSC
SSN - Serving !RS Support Node
SN - ateway !RS Support Node
UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 43
, to U,1
- 1he flrsL new Lechnology when golng from CSM
Lowards uM1S ls Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlce
(C8S)
lL ls Lhe Lrlgger Lo 3C servlces
- 1he maln polnL ls LhaL Lhe neLwork connecLlon ls
always on so Lhe subscrlber ls onllne all Lhe Llme
- lrom Lhe operaLors polnL of vlew lL ls lmporLanL
LhaL C8S lnvesLmenLs are reused when golng Lo
uM1S
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 44
LDL
- Also caplLallzlng on C8S buslness experlence ls very lmporLanL
- lrom C8S operaLors could go dlrecLly Lo uM1S buL Lhey could also
lnvesL ln an LuCL sysLem
- Cne advanLage of LuCL ls LhaL Lhere ls no new llcence needed as ln
uM1S
- 1he frequencles wlll also be reused and no new anLennas are needed
- 1he maln lssue ls LhaL subscrlbers wlll have Lo buy new LuCL Lermlnals
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 43
C8S Lo uM1S
- 1he key polnL when golng Lo uM1S ls Lhe use of Lhe exlsLlng moblle
neLwork
- lrom CSM core neLwork slde Lhe followlng neLwork elemenLs are reused
MSC (Moblle swlLchlng cenLre) (vendor dependenL)
AuC (AuLhenLlcaLlon cenLre)
PL8 (Pome locaLlon reglsLer)
vL8 (vlslLor locaLlon reglsLer)
Ll8 (LqulpmenL ldenLlLy reglsLer)
- lrom C8S neLwork Lhe followlng neLwork elemenLs wlll be reused
SCSn (Servlng C8S SupporL node) (vendor dependenL)
CCSn (CaLeway C8S SupporL node)
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 46
, to U,1
- lrom CSM radlo neLwork Lhe followlng neLwork elemenLs can nC1 be
reused
- noLe however Lhey can remaln ln Lhe neLwork and be used ln dual
neLwork operaLlon where 2C and 3C neLworks coexlsL whlle neLwork
mlgraLlon and new 3C Lermlals become avallable for use ln Lhe neLwork
8SC (base sLaLlon conLroller)
81S (base Lranscelver sLaLlon)
- 1he uM1S neLwork lnLroduces new neLwork elemenLs LhaL glve
funcLlonallLy as glven ln Lhe 3C speclflcaLlons
node8 (base sLaLlon)
8nC (8adlo neLwork ConLroller)
MCW (Medla CaLeway)
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 47
, to U,1
- 1he funcLlonallLy of MSC and SCSn changes when golng Lo uM1S
ln a CSM sysLem Lhe MSC handles all Lhe clrculL swlLched operaLlons llke connecLlng A
and 8subscrlber Lhrough Lhe neLwork
SCSn handles all Lhe packeL swlLched operaLlons and Lransfers all Lhe daLa ln Lhe
neLwork
- ln uM1S Lhe MCW (Medla gaLeway) wlll Lake care of all daLa Lransfer ln
boLh clrculL and packeL swlLched neLworks
MSC and SCSn wlll acL as bralns of Lhe sysLem and Lhey wlll conLrol MCW operaLlons
- 1he name of Lhe nodes wlll change lnLo MSCserver and CSnserver
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 48
, to U,1
- ur nterface rotoco| tructure
- hLLp//wwwumLsworldcom/Lechnology/uLran_lnLe
rfaceshLm
- U1kAN ub nterface enera| Irame tructure
hLLp//wwwumLsworldcom/Lechnology/frame_sLrucLurehLm
- U1kAN rotoco| ,ode|
- hLLp//wwwumLsworldcom/Lechnology/uLran_lnLe
rfaceshLm
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 49
|gna|||ng
- lnLroducLlon
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 30
Ca|| I|ow to repa|d
1. End user buys new
credit voucher
2. User will dial 1741 (SC)
to add new credit using Voc.#
3. Call type
On SS7 Link
4. Call type
On SS7 Link
6. Call incoming
Over SS7
7. Transfer call over P 8. Update account request
Received: Forward to DB
9. Account updated
in User profile
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 31
|gna|||ng
- CSl layer
SS7 SLrucLure
l SLrucLure
- 1ransmlsslon Medla
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 32
keference ,ode| for
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 33
rotoco|s
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 34
keference ,ode| for
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 33
1C/l neLwork Model
- 1C] Network ,ode|
- AlLhough Lhe CSl model ls wldely used and ofLen clLed as Lhe sLandard 1C/l proLocol
has been used by mosL unlx worksLaLlon vendors 1C/l ls deslgned around a slmple
fourlayer scheme lL does omlL some feaLures found under Lhe CSl model Also lL
comblnes Lhe feaLures of some ad[acenL CSl layers and spllLs oLher layers aparL 1he
four neLwork layers deflned by 1C/l model are as follows
Layer 1 Llnk
- 1hls layer deflnes Lhe neLwork hardware and devlce drlvers
Layer 2 neLwork
- 1hls layer ls used for baslc communlcaLlon addresslng and rouLlng 1C/l uses l and lCM proLocols
aL Lhe neLwork layer
Layer 3 1ransporL
- Pandles communlcaLlon among programs on a neLwork 1C and uu falls wlLhln Lhls layer
Layer 4 AppllcaLlon
- Lnduser appllcaLlons reslde aL Lhls layer Commonly used appllcaLlons lnclude nlS unS arp rlogln
Lalk fLp nLp and LracerouLe
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 36
1C] rotoco|s
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 37
Layer roLocols
- App||cat|onunS
1LS/SSL 1l1 l1 P11 lMA l8C nn1 C3 Sl SM1 SnM SSP 1LLnL1
8lL1orrenL 81 rlogln M3uA
- 1ransport
1C uu uCC SC1 lL 8uu
- Network
l (lv4 lv6) lCM lCM A8 8A8
- L|nk
LLherneL Wlll 1oken rlng SLl luul A1M u1M lrame 8elay SMuS
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 38
1ransm|ss|on nterfaces
- 8adlo
CSM lrequencles
C8S / LuCL
WCuMA / uM1S
- CM (L1)
ClrculL swlLchlng
- volce and uaLa wlLh SS7
- LLherneL (l)
ackeL swlLchlng
- uaLa wlLh 1C/l
- volce wlLh vCl
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 39
C|rcu|t w|tch|ng
S x
TDMA
31
30
29
28
:
:
:
:
:
:
19
18
17
SS7
15
:
:
:
3
2
1
0 FAW
31
30
29
28
:
:
:
:
:
:
19
18
17
SS7
15
:
:
:
3
2
1
0 FAW
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 60
acket w|tch|ng
31
30
29
28
:
:
:
:
:
:
19
18
17
SS7
15
:
:
:
3
2
1
0 FAW
31
30
29
28
:
:
:
:
:
:
19
18
17
SS7
15
:
:
:
3
2
1
0 FAW
16 32 bits
Source port Destination port
Length Checksum

Data
UDP header structure

23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 61

Add|t|ona| nformat|on
- l?l
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 62

- ,essage 1ransfer art

- 1he Message 1ransfer arL (M1) ls dlvlded lnLo Lhree levels 1he lowesL level ,1 Leve| 1 ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe CSl hyslcal Layer M1 Level 1 deflnes Lhe physlcal elecLrlcal
and funcLlonal characLerlsLlcs of Lhe dlglLal slgnallng llnk hyslcal lnLerfaces deflned lnclude L1 (2048 kb/s 32 64 kb/s channels) D1 (1344 kb/s 24 64kb/s channels) V3S
(64 kb/s) D0 (64 kb/s) and D0A (36 kb/s)
- ,1 Leve| 2 ensures accuraLe endLoend Lransmlsslon of a message across a slgnallng llnk Level 2 lmplemenLs flow conLrol message sequence valldaLlon and error checklng
When an error occurs on a slgnallng llnk Lhe message (or seL of messages) ls reLransmlLLed M1 Level 2 ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe CSl uaLa Llnk Layer
- ,1 Leve| 3 provldes message rouLlng beLween slgnallng polnLs ln Lhe SS7 neLwork M1 Level 3 rerouLes Lrafflc away from falled llnks and slgnallng polnLs and conLrols Lrafflc
when congesLlon occurs M1 Level 3 ls equlvalenL Lo Lhe CSl neLwork Layer
- DN User art (U%
- 1he lSun user arL (lSu) deflnes Lhe proLocol used Lo seLup manage and release Lrunk clrculLs LhaL carry volce and daLa beLween LermlnaLlng llne exchanges (eg beLween
a calllng parLy and a called parLy) lSu ls used for boLh lSun and nonlSun calls Powever calls LhaL orlglnaLe and LermlnaLe aL Lhe same swlLch do noL use lSu slgnallng
- 1e|ephone User art (1U%
- ln some parLs of Lhe world (eg Chlna 8razll) Lhe 1elephone user arL (1u) ls used Lo supporL baslc call seLup and Leardown 1u handles analog clrculLs only ln many
counLrles lSu has replaced 1u for call managemenL
- |gna||ng Connect|on Contro| art (CC%
- SCC provldes connecLlonless and connecLlonorlenLed neLwork servlces and g|oba| t|t|e trans|at|on (C11) capablllLles above M1 Level 3 A g|oba| t|t|e ls an address (eg a
dlaled 800 number calllng card number or moblle subscrlber ldenLlflcaLlon number) whlch ls LranslaLed by SCC lnLo a desLlnaLlon polnL code and subsystem number A
subsysLem number unlquely ldenLlfles an appllcaLlon aL Lhe desLlnaLlon slgnallng polnL SCC ls used as Lhe LransporL layer for 1CAbased servlces
- 1ransact|on Capab|||t|es App||cat|ons art (1CA%
- 1CA supporLs Lhe exchange of nonclrculL relaLed daLa beLween appllcaLlons across Lhe SS7 neLwork uslng Lhe SCC connecLlonless servlce Cuerles and responses senL
beLween SSs and SCs are carrled ln 1CA messages lor example an SS sends a 1CA query Lo deLermlne Lhe rouLlng number assoclaLed wlLh a dlaled 800/888 number and
Lo check Lhe personal ldenLlflcaLlon number (ln) of a calllng card user ln moblle neLworks (41and CSM) 1CA carrles ,ob||e App||cat|on art (MA) messages senL
beLween moblle swlLches and daLabases Lo supporL user auLhenLlcaLlon equlpmenL ldenLlflcaLlon and roamlng
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 63
nfo L|nks
- useful Llnks
- hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/Clobal_SysLem_for_Moblle_CommunlcaLlons
- hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/lnLelllgenL_neLwork
- hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/SS7
- wwwslgLranorg
- wwwproLocolscom
- wwwpLcom
- CSM SLands for Clobal SysLem for Moblle CommunlcaLlons
- C8S sLands for Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlces
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 64
,DN
- 1he ,ob||e tat|on ntegrated erv|ces D|g|ta|
Network (,DN) ls Lhe moblle equlvalenL of lSun
- used as a value MSlSun refers Lo Lhe ,ob||e
ubscr|ber DN Number whlch ls a max 13dlglL
number
- 1here are moblle phones on Lhe markeL LhaL can
have several MSlSuns ln one phone
Lg a Cerman MSlSun and a lrench MSlSun ln one phone would allow Lhe
user Lo be reached under Lwo numbers
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 63
,
- 1he lMSl (lnLernaLlonal Moblle Subscrlber ldenLlLy) ls
a unlque 13dlglL code used Lo ldenLlfy an lndlvldual
user on a CSM neLwork
- 1he lMSl conslsLs of Lhree componenLs
Moblle CounLry Code (MCC)
Moblle neLwork Code (MnC)
Moblle Subscrlber ldenLlLy number (MSln)
- 1he lMSl ls sLored ln Lhe Subscrlber ldenLlLy Module
(SlM)
23/11/2011 Madellne C8rlen 66
1,
- 1he 1lMSl (1emporary lMSl) ls a pseudorandom number generaLed from
Lhe lMSl (lnLernaLlonal Moblle Subscrlber ldenLlLy) number
1he 1lMSl ls uLlllzed ln order Lo remove Lhe need Lo LransmlL Lhe lMSl overLhealr
- 1hls helps Lo keep Lhe lMSl more secure
- 1o Lrack a CSM user vla Lhe lMSl/1lMSl an eavesdropper musL lnLercepL
Lhe CSM neLwork communlcaLlon where Lhe 1lMSl ls lnlLlally negoLlaLed
- ln addlLlon because Lhe 1lMSl ls perlodlcally renegoLlaLed Lhe
eavesdropper musL lnLercepL each addlLlonal 1lMSl renegoLlaLlon
sesslon
- PL8 #1 ls populaLed wlLh lMSl 8ange 310684431000 Lo 310684431003
and ls populaLed wlLh servlce subscrlbers from Lwo dlfferenL MSCs