PERSONALITY

The personality is derived from the word persona or the mask. DEFINITION Qualities within a person, characteristics of a persons behaviour , or both. Gordon Allport Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.

*Walter Mischel the distinctive patterns of behaviour (including thoughts & emotions ) that characterize each individuals adaptation to the situation of his or her life. *Personality includes the behaviour patterns a person shows across situation or the psychological characteristic of the person that lead to those behaviour patterns. * Personality refers to the organized, consistent & general pattern of behaviour of a person which helps us to understand his or her behaviour as an individual.

NATURE OF PERSONALITY
Personality is the total quality of an individuals behaviour as it is shown in his habits of thinking, attitudes, interests, manner of acting & personal philosophy of life. It is the totality of his being. It include his physical, emotional and temperamental make up & how it shows itself in behaviour. It is an integration , a blend, a merger or an organized whole in which the individuals modes of behaviour, interests, attitudes, beliefs, values, capacities, abilities, aptitudes, looks & physique, his intelligence &experience lose their identity with in the total pattern.

There are three basic factors which have to be considered in describing & analyzing the personality. 1. The internal aspects of the individual- the basic drives, covert feelings, the physiological systems, glands and his inherently determined physical features. 2. The social & material stimuli or situations exterior to the individual. 3. The reactions or behaviour or conduct which result from the interaction of the individual & the stimuli.

CONSTITUENTS OF PERSONALITY
1. Personal appearance- Some extent success & failure is determine by personal appearance which include not only weight, height, complexion but also voices, dress, other characteristics of personal nature. 2. Intelligence It is the ability to solve problems & meet new situations. It is mental alertness, the ability to learn. 3. Emotionality The emotional stability & maturity is required for healthy personality. 4. Sociability This trait is present in varying degree in different people.

5. Ascendance Submission- This trait is essentially indicative of forcefulness of approach among individuals. Most of us try to dominate & lead people who are inferior & subordinate to us in social positions & submit to those who are superior to us. 6. Moral character- This trait of personality refers to social approval as to whether we have a balanced personality pursuing well defined goals that benefit to the individual society.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY

1. Genetic factors The genetic and constitutional factors influence the personality of an individual. 2. Physiological factor Physique of the individual- size, strength, look . 3. Environmental or social factor The family & society influence play a very impressive role.

4. Cultural factors Culture values & norms govern an individuals behaviour & shape his personality.
5. Psychological factor Intelligence , reasoning , attention , perception & imagination. 6. Significant personal experience Unique personal experience also influence the development of personality.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Type and trait theories Psychodynamics theories Humanistic theories Learning theories Cognitive theories

1. Type and trait theory both focus on peoples personal characteristics.

1. Hippocrates- He grouped people into four temperament types Sanguine Cheerful , vigorous, confidently , optimistic. Melancholic- Depressed , morose, pessimistic Choleric Hot tempered, irritability Phlegmatic Slow moving, calm, unexcitable.

2. Karl Jung two groups

Extrovert are interested in the world about them. They are sociable , friendly & not easily upset by difficulties. Introvert who are interested in themselves , their own feelings, emotions & reactions. They are highly sensitive & are unable to adjust easily to social situations. They are rather reserved & like to work alone. BOTH QUALITES - AMBIVERTS

3. Allport two types of people.

Ascendant tends to dominate a situation. He is outgoing & is interested in the world about him. Submissive or Descendent Self critical, self analytical & indecisive. He is given to daydreaming & withdraws from social or competitive situation.

4. Kretschmer close relationship between ones

body or physical make up & personality A. The asthenic type-is a tall, thin narrowly built person, generally reserved, withdrawn, sensitive to criticism & critical of others, makes very few friends. B. The athletic type has a well developed muscular body, is interested in action rather than in ideas or thoughts. C. The pyknic type is short, round and fat. Good natured, sociable & fun loving.

TRAIT THEORIES ALLPORT The individual traits at 3 levels

Cardinal trait were traits around which a person organized his or her life. As those which are so dominate that nearly all of the individual action can be traced back to them, from key historical figures
Central traits as characterizing an individuals behaviour to some extent but not in such a complete way as cardinal traits. Major characteristic of a person, such as Honesty.

3. Secondary traits are less imp characterstcik that were not central to our understanding of an individuals personality such as particular attitude, preferences & style of behaviour. These are traits such as like chocolate that are influential but only with in a narrow range of situations. B. Single trait Research *Locus of control- The degree to which we believe that we cause or control, the events in our lives. If we believe that we are the cause of most events, we have a highly internal locus of control * If we believe that most events are caused by luck, fate or powerful others, we have a highly external locus of control.

2. Psychodynamic Theories -Freuds

psychoanalytic theory has three major parts A. A Theory of the structure of personality B. A Theory of personality dynamics C. A Theory of psychosexual development

A. Personality Structure Id, Ego & Superego

The Id The most primitive unconscious part of the personality . The stone house of the fundamental drives the urge to eat, drink, eliminate & especially, to be sexually. It operate irrationally , acting on impulse & pushing for expression & immediate gratification without regard to rules, the realities of life or morals of any kind. Id is governed by PLEASURE PRINCIPLE.

The Ego Executive function of the person. Ego is based on REALITY PRINCIPLE. The ego tries to satisfy the Ids urge for pleasure but only in realistic way that take account of what is possible in the real world.
The Superego The Superego is the store house of an individuals value, include moral attitudes learned from society. Based on MORALITY PRINCIPLE . It is the inner voice of ought & Should Nots * The Id want to do what feels good, while the Superego operating on the morality principle, insist on doing what is right. * When the Id & Superego are in conflict ,the ego arranges a compromise that at least partially satisfied both.

Psychoanalytic Approach
Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality

Ego Superego

Conscious Preconscious

Information in your immediate awareness Information which can easily be made conscious Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness

Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality

Unconscious

Id

Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality

Psychoanalytic Approach
Unconscious inaccessib le warehouse of anxietyproducing thoughts and drives
Ego Superego Conscious Preconscious

Unconscious Id

Psychoanalytic Approach
Preconscious - everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousnes s
Ego Superego Conscious Preconscious

Unconscious Id

Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment
Ego Superego Conscious Preconscious

Unconscious Id

B. Theory of personality Dynamics- Freud proposed 3 levels of consciousness or awareness The conscious The preconscious The unconscious At the conscious level We are aware of certain things around us & of certain thoughts. At the preconscious level are memories or thoughts that are easily available with a moments reflection. At the unconscious levels memories, thought and motions can not easily call on. All of the id is unconscious

Psychosexual stages of Development Stage Age Events Oral stage birth to 1yr Sensual pleasure first by sucking Anal stage 1-3 yrs When parents are toilet training their children & teaching them to avoid prohibited behaviour connected with excretion Phallic stage 3-5yrs Attraction toward the parent of the opposite sex Latency stage 6- puberty is not imp to development of personality. Sexuality is largely repressed & the ego expands Genital stage adolescence when mature heterosexual & beyond interest appear

3. HUMANISTIC THEORIES Maslows self actualization theory

4.LEARNING THEORIES5.COGNITIVE THEORIES There are important individual difference in the way of people think about any external situation. Cognitive theories stress the process through which people turn their sensation & perception into organized impression of reality.

Maslow & Self-Actualization

Self-Actualization
the process of fufilling our potential Studied healthy, creative people Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson & Eleanor Roosevelt Self-Aware & Self-Accepting Open & Spontaneous Loving & Caring Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

Esteem

Love Needs
Safety

Physiological