Skin and Body Membranes

Human Anatomy and Physiology Mr. McCammon

I. Classification of Body Membranes

Epithelial Membranes include the cutaneous membrane (skin) and the mucus membranes, and the serous membranes. Always combined with an underlying layer of connective tissue. Thats why it is considered an organ.

I. Classification of Body Membranes

Cutaneous Membrane
This is your skin. Composed of keratinizing stratified squamous

epithelium. Underlying dermis is dense (fibrous) connective tissue. Exposed to air and is dry.

I. Classification of Body Membranes

Mucous membranes (or mucosa)

composed of epithelium (the type varies from

site to site) resting on a loose connective tusse membrane called a lamina propria. Lines all the cavities that open to the exterior such as respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Always moist because they are continually bathed in secretions.

I. Classification of Body Membranes

Serous Membranes (serosa)

Layer of simple squamous epithelium resting

on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Line the body cavities that are closed to the exterior (except for the dorsal body cavities and joint cavities) Occur in pairs parietal layer lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity and folds in on itself to form the viseral layer with covers the outside of the organs in that cavity.

I. Classification of Body Membranes

The serous layers are separated by a clear fluid called serous fluid. Important to decrease friction by moving organs (heart, stomach) Some serous membranes
Peritoneum abdominal cavity Pleura around the lungs Pericardium around the heart

I. Classification of Body Membranes

Synovial membranes are composed of connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all. Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints where they provide a smooth surface and secrete a lubricating fluid. Contain small sacs of connective tissue called bursae and tubelike tendon sheaths both cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity.

II. The Integumentary System

The Skin
Includes cutaneous membrane, sweat and oil

glands, hairs, and nails External body covering Keeps water and other molecules in the body. Keeps and other things out Pliable yet tough

II. The Integumentary System

Study chart on page 95. The structure of the skin.

Epidermis

Stratified epithelium becomes keratinizing (hard and tough) Dermis Dense connective tissue Both connected tightly until a burn or friction causes a blister.

II. The Integumentary System

Deep down in the skin is the subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

Basically adipose tissue

Not considered part of this skin, but does

anchor the skin to the underlying organs. Shock absorber and protected from temperature changes. Makes you curvy

II. The Integumentary System

KNOW THE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 96. The Epidermis in Detail

5 zones (layers) called strata In order, basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum,

corneum. They are avascular Most cells are keratinocytes (produce fibrous protein that makes the epidermis tough. Deepest layer is stratum basale lies closes to the dermis and contains the only cells that receive adequate nourishment via diffusion from the dermis.

II. The Integumentary System

Cells from the stratum basale are constantly dividing and pushed up to become part of the epidermis. Stratum lucidum only occurs where the skin is hairless and extra thick (palms, feet) Stratum corneum makes up of our body. Constant replaced New epidermis every 25-45 days.

II. The Integumentary System

Melanin yellow to brown pigment is produced by cells called melanocytes found in the stratum basale. Sunlight stimulates melanin production causes tanning. Melanin forms a protective shield from sunlight so it doesnt affect genetic material. Freckles and moles are where melanin is concentrated in one spot.

II. Integumentary System

Excessive exposure can lead to skin cancer. It can cause the elastic fibers to clump and lead to leathery skin. Black people seldom have skin cancer because melanin is an effective shield against it.

II. The Integumentary System

The Dermis Your hide strong, stretchy envelope that helps to hold the body together. Leather goods are just treated dermis of animals. Two regions Papillary layer reticular layer

II. The Integumentary System

The Papillary Layer is the upper dermal region

Uneven with finger like projections called

dermal papillae Contain capillary loops which nourish the epidermis Pain receptors touch Meissners corpuscles. On hands and feet papillae are arranged in patterns to enhance gripping ability.

II. The Integumentary System

Reticular layer
Deepest layer Contains seat, blood vessels, sweat and oil

glands, deep pressure sensors called Pacinian corpuscles Collagen and elastic fibers make it tough Restrictions of blood in the dermis results in cell death and causes Decubitus ulcers (bedsores)

II. The Integumentary System

Skin Color
The amount and kind of melanin in the dermis The amount of carotene deposited in the

stratum corneum (carotene is an orange yellow pigment The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin (pigment in red blood cells)

II. The Integumentary System

People with lots of melanin have browntoned skin. Light skinned people (caucasian) people have less melanin and have a crimson color due to oxygen-rich blood. Then hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated the skin can become blue (cyanosis) common during heart failure and breathing disorders

II. The Integumentary System

Skin color
Redness or erythema may indicate

embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy. Pallor or blanching becoming pale fear, anger, stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow Jaundice or yellow cast liver problems Bruises or black-and-blue marks sites where blood has escaped from circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces called hematomas

III. The Appendages of the Skin

Cutaneous glands all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts. Two groups

Sebaceous glands Sweat glands

Form in Stratum basale but push lower into the dermis

III. Appendages of the Skin

Sebaceous (oil) glands found all over the body except palms of hands and feet. Most open onto a hair follicle, but some open directly onto the skin. Sebum is the name of the oil mixture of oil and fragmented cells that keep the hair and skin moist. Kills bacteria Increase in male hormones increase sebum during adolescence.

III. Appendages of the Skin

If a sebaceous glands duct becomes blocked by sebum a whitehead forms. If the whitehead dries it becomes a blackhead. Acne is an active infection of the sebaceous glands Severe acne results in scarring of the skin.

III. Appendages of the Skin

Sweat Glands Sudoriferous glands Can be as many as 2.5 million per person Two types

Eccrine Apocrine

III. Appendages of the Skin

Eccrine glands
More numerous Produce seat Water, salt, vitamin C, ammonia, urea, uric acid, and lactic acid (which attracts mosquitoes) Sweat is acidic (ph 4-6) which kills bacteria Reaches the skin by a funnel-shaped pore. They secrete sweat when the external or body temperature is high.

III. Appendages of the Skin

When the sweat evaporates, it carries heat with it, cooling the body. On a hot day the body can lose 7 liters of water per day. A few degrees change in body temperature can radically alter body chemistry. Maintaining body temp. is very important to homeostasis.

III. Appendages of the Skin

Apocrine sweat glands are confined to the axillary and genital areas Larger than eccrine glands Ducts empty into hair follicles Secretions contain fatty acids, proteins, as well as all the other stuff secreted by the eccrine glands.

III. Appendages of the Skin

The secretions can have a milky or yellowish color. Odorless until bacterial that live on the skin use the proteins and fats as nutrients. Then it produces a musky unpleasant odor. Begin to function during puberty. A lot is unknown about these. They have almost no thermoregulatory function. Become more active during stress or sexual foreplay.

III. Appendages of the Skin

There are millions of hairs scatterd all over the body. Only a few serve an important function Hair on head to protect brain from bumps. Eyelashes shielding the eyes Nose hairs keep particles from the respiratory tract.

III. Appendages of the Skin

Hairs original purpose was to keep the body warm. Hair is produced by a hair follicle Root hair is enclosed in the follicle. The hair shaft extends out of the follicle. Hair is formed by a division of the stratum basale called hair bulb matrix.

III. Appendages of the Skin

KNOW THE DIAGRAM OF A HAIR ON PAGE 100 Arrector pili muscles are part of the hair follicle that make the hair stand up and makes goose bumps

III. Appendages of the Skin

Nails are scalelike modifications of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals. Each nail has a free edge, a body (visible portion), and a root (embedded in the skin) Each nail has overlapping edges called nail folds. Proximal nail fold is called the cuticle.

III. Appendages of the Skin

Stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail as the nail bed. Nail matrix is responsible for nail growth. The white cresent is called the lunula. Nail is normally clear. Pink color is due to blood supply to the stratum basale. When blood supply is low, nail becomes cyanotic. KNOW THE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 102.

IV. Homeostasis

The skin has more than 1000 different ailments. Athletes foot itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes resulting from a fungal infection; tinea pedis Boils and carbuncles inflamation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck. Carbuncles are caused by bacterial infection (usually Staphlococcus aureus)

IV. Homeostatis
Cold Sores fever blisters small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection. Localized in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains inactive until emotional upset usually around the lips and oral mucosa Contact dermatitis itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. Exposure of the skin to chemicals the provokes an allergic response.

IV. Homeostatis
Impetigo pink, water-filled, raised lesions of the mouth and nose that develops a yellow crust and eventually rupture. Very contagious common in elementary school children. Psoriasis chronic condition, characterized by reddened epidermal lesions, covered with dry, silvery scales. Can be disfiguring. Cause is unknown .