Casanova. Chua. Cokieng.

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata

Taxonomy

(Super)Class: Osteichthyes (bony fish)

(Sub)Class: Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)
Subclass: Neopterygii

Infraclass Teleostei Superorder Osteoglossomorpha

Order Osteoglossiformes, the bony-tongued fishes Order Hiodontiformes, including the mooneye and gold eye

Superorder Elopomorpha
Order Elopiformes, including the ladyfishes and tarpon Order Albuliformes, the bonefishes Order Notacanthiformes, including the halosaurs and spiny eels Order Anguilliformes, the true eels and gulpers Order Saccopharyngiformes, including the gulper eel

 Superorder Clupeomorpha
Order Clupeiformes, including herrings and anchovies

Superorder Ostariophysi
Order Gonorynchiformes, including the milkfishes Order Cypriniformes, including barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loac

hes, minnows, rasboras Order Characiformes, including characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishe s, piranhas, tetras, dourado / golden (genus Salminus) and pacu. Order Gymnotiformes, including electric eels and knifefishes Order Siluriformes, the catfishes Superorder Protacanthopterygii Order Argentiniformes, including the barreleyes and slickheads (formerly in Osmeriformes) Order Salmoniformes, including salmon and trout Order Esociformes the pike Order Osmeriformes, including the smelts and galaxiids

 Superorder Stenopterygii (may belong in Protacanthopterygii)

Order Ateleopodiformes, the jellynose fish
Order Stomiiformes, including the bristlemouths and marine

hatchetfishes Superorder Cyclosquamata (may belong in Protacanthopterygii) Order Aulopiformes, including the Bombay duck and lancetfishes Superorder Scopelomorpha Order Myctophiformes, including the lanternfishes Superorder Lampridiomorpha Order Lampriformes, including the oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes Superorder Polymyxiomorpha Order Polymixiiformes, the beardfishes Superorder Paracanthopterygii Order Percopsiformes, including the cavefishes and trout-perches Order Batrachoidiformes, the toadfishes Order Lophiiformes, including the anglerfishes Order Gadiformes, including cods Order Ophidiiformes, including the pearlfishes

 Superorder Acanthopterygii
Order Mugiliformes, the mullets
Order Atheriniformes, including silversides and rainbowfishes Order Beloniformes, including the flyingfishes Order Cetomimiformes, the whalefishes

Order Cyprinodontiformes, including livebearers, killifishes

Order Stephanoberyciformes, including the ridgeheads Order Beryciformes, including the fangtooths and pineconefishes Order Zeiformes, including the dories

Order Gobiesociformes, the clingfishes

Order Gasterosteiformes including sticklebacks Order Syngnathiformes, including the seahorses and pipefishes Order Synbranchiformes, including the swamp eels

Order Tetraodontiformes, including the filefishes and pufferfish

Order Pleuronectiformes, the flatfishes Order Scorpaeniformes, including scorpionfishes and the sculpins Order Perciformes 40% of all fish

External Anatomy
All common fishes belong to the Order Teleostei,

characterized by an ossified skeleton and a bony flap, the operculum, covering the gill slits

Body and Fins

The body has a fusiform

shape; usually somewhat compressed laterally.

Body and Fins

The body is divided into 3 parts: the head, trunk and

tail.

Body and Fins

The trunk and tail are covered with think overlapping

scales, arranged in diagonal rows and set in pockets in the deeper parts of the skin (dermis)

Body and Fins

The head is covered by a soft epidermis and in some

regions bears small scales like those of the body.

Body and Fins

Outer bones of the skull, which are large, thin, and

flat, are actually enlarged scales which have sunk from their superficial position to a deeper one. A lateral line is present along each side of the head.

Head
The head bears a terminal mouth bounded by

well-developed jaws formed of thin, flat bones similar to the skull bones. The terminal position of the mouth is probably more primitive than the ventral position found in the elasmobranchs.

Head
On the dorsal side of the anterior end of the head are two pairs of nostrils, a pair to each olfactory sac. This arrangement permits a current of water to circulate through the olfactory sac.

Head
The large eyes are without lids.

The ears , situated behind the eyes, are invisible

externally.

The teleost Astyanax mexicanus has diverged into a surface form (left) and a cave form (right); the cavefish has lost pigmentation and eyes. Research and photos by Bill Jeffery.

Head

The posterior and lateral margins of the head are formed by a large flap, the gill cover or operculum,

which is supported by several opercular boneslarge, flat, scalelike bones.

Campanologies hectoris 1. operculum (gill cover), 2. lateral line, 3. dorsal fin, 4. adipose fin, 5. caudal peduncle, 6. caudal fin, 7. anal fin, 8. photophores, 9. pelvic fins (paired), 10. pectoral fins (paired)

Head
The opercular bones cover a wide slit in the body wall

known as the gill opening.

Head to the ventral margin of the operculum is Attached

a membrane, the branchiostegal membrane, supported by seven bony rays, the branchiostegal rays.

 Gill arches Each bears on its outer surface a gill, consisting of

Head

a double row of soft filaments, and on its inner margin a series of short toothlike processes, the gill rakers.

 Gill slits Here the portions of the body wall between successive gill slits have disappeared, and all open into a common cavity covered by the operculum.

Head
When the fish respires, the mouth opens, the operucla move outward, the branchiostegal

membrane unfolds and closes the gill opening; water is thus drawn into the mouth and bathes the gills.

Each gill is covered by a boney lid (removed from the picture). A fish draws in water by closing the lid over its gills and opening its mouth. When the fish closes its mouth and opens the gill lid the water is forced out and over the respiratory surfaces of the gill filaments.

Head
The mouth then closes; the opercula move inward; the branchiostegal membrane fold up; and the

water passes out through the gill slits and gill opening.

Fins
Provided with median and paired fins.

Supported by Lepidotrichia (bony flexible jointed fin

rays

Fins
Median fins Anterior and posterior Dorsal fin Caudal fin (bilobed, symmetrical = homocercal) Ventral or Anal fin Paired fins Pectoral fins

Behind the operculum Adjusted near the pectoral fins but ventral

Pelvic fins

Openings
There is a presence of two openings. A larger anal

opening and a small depression where there is a projection of a small elevation: the urogenital papilla. This signifies the separation of the Urogenital system and the intestines.

Good to know..
Lateral compression is common.
maybe due to moving among dense growths

Good to know..
Shape differences like..

Good to know..
Some teleosts trade pelvic fins for spines.

Good to know..
Others suck.

Good to know..
Others FLY!!!! (or jump-and-glide)

Good to know..
Others glow.

Thank you!